20.500.12556/DKUM-100467 Sequential solid-state fermentation and hydrothermal carbonization of hempseed oil pomace for the sustainable production of enzymes and hydrochar The valorization of hempseed oil pomace (HP) using two techniques, solid-state fermentation (SSF) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), to produce value-added products was investigated. HP was first pretreated with Thermomyces lanuginosus under SSF for 10 days to produce two enzymes (lipase and xylanase) and fermented HP (a nutritionally enriched, mycelium-based product). The structural and chemical properties of the biomass were characterized, and lipase and xylanase activities were monitored daily throughout the fermentation process. Samples collected after 4, 7, and 10 days of fermentation were further subjected to HTC to produce hydrochar (HC) and a liquid fraction (LF), and to study the effect of SSF pretreatment on the properties of HTC products. Structural analysis of fermented HP using NMR, SEM–EDX and FTIR indicated substantial structural modification and partial degradation of the lignocellulosic matrix following SSF pretreatment. High activities of lipase (up to 0.29 U/mL) and xylanase (up to 79.34 U/mL) were obtained during fermentation, while fermented HP exhibited improved nutritional properties, particularly being enriched with free amino acids, among which glutamic and aspartic acids were the most abundant, each exceeding 5000 µg/g. HC from fermented HP exhibited great energetic and fuel properties (calorific values between 28.9 and 29.7 MJ/kg), comparable to HC from non-fermented HP. SSF treatment affected energy yield, volatile matter, and carbon and ash contents, resulting in increased fixed carbon content and an improved fuel ratio. LF obtained from HTC of fermented HP showed reduced toxicity and increased organic acids, total nitrogen and potassium content. Both HC and LF showed potential for fertilizer-oriented applications, although LF would require appropriate dilution or post-treatment before practical use. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the application of T. lanuginosus for the integrated production of lipase and xylanase, together with the subsequent generation of hydrochar and biofertilizer from hempseed oil pomace or other oilseed pomaces, has not previously been reported. hempseed oil pomace solid-state fermentation Thermomyces lanuginosus mycelium-based product hydrothermal carbonization tropine konopljinega olja fermentacija v trdnem stanju gobe miceliji hidrotermalna karbonizacija true false true Springer Nature Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://link.springer.com/journal/13068 Članek v reviji 2026-09-18 12:13:13 2026-09-18 12:13:14 2026-09-21 11:30:26 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 25 str. 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2026-06-01 2026-08-12 2026-08-29 577 291366147 10.1186/s13068-026-02811-0 2731-3654 s13068-026-02811-0_reference.pdf s13068-026-02811-0_reference.pdf 1 33AC1F4C9CB06126097176C22727F389 b6282c9f995305a0e029fed7de338ead4033db9562956b93bd29fbb2a949d36b 30b83951-b34a-11f1-a766-00155d0001be https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=212871 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13068-026-02811-0 1 90d73276-b349-11f1-a766-00155d0001be https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=212869 Fakulteta za kemijo in kemijsko tehnologijo 0 0 0