20.500.12556/DKUM-19009 MOTENE OSEBNOSTI - POJEM IN POMEN ZA PRESOJANJE PRIŠTEVNOSTI( KRIMINOLOŠKI VIDIK) Personality disorders - term and meaning for assesment of accountability (criminological view) Motene osebnosti so eno najbolj spornih področij tako v pravu kot tudi v psihiatriji. Osebnost je motena, ko gre za skupek različnih osebnostnih in značajskih posebnosti, ki se kažejo v odnosu do vrednostnega sistema in okolice ter se odražajo v življenjskem slogu posameznika. V populaciji motenih osebnosti najdemo največ storilcev najbolj nevarnih kaznivih dejanj, kazenskopravna represija pa zaradi njihove zapletene osebnostne strukture nanje nima nikakršnega vpliva. Tudi s strani psihiatrije so motene osebnosti problematične za obravnavo, kar posledično vpliva na psihiatrično izvedenstvo in določanje prištevnosti. Tako se skozi celotno diplomsko delo prepletata področji prava in psihiatrije, pri čemer prihaja tudi do nasprotujočih si stališč med njima. V prvem delu diplomske naloge sem želela predvsem raziskati vrste motenih osebnosti, pri čemer sem opisala prav vse vrste, da bi poudarila, na koliko različnih načinov je naša osebnost lahko motena. Od vseh pa sem najbolj izpostavila disocialno motene osebnosti (ali v ljudskem žargonu 'psihopate'), in sicer, kaj je tisto, kar jih pripravi do tega, da storijo kazniva dejanja, kaj je tisto, česar jim primanjkuje, in kaj želijo skozi storjena kazniva dejanja pridobiti. Presenetilo me je predvsem dejstvo, da v veliki meri na nastanek motenih osebnosti vpliva družina. Res je, da mora imeti človek že ob rojstvu določene pogoje (npr. gensko zasnovo, delovanje v možganih) zato, da bo postal osebnostno moten, vendar je ključni dejavnik pri ustvarjanju motenih osebnosti prav družinsko okolje. Motene osebnosti se ne zavedajo, da potrebujejo zdravljenje, ki v psihiatrični bolnišnici zaradi psihične strukture motenih osebnosti tudi ni primerno, saj gre za trajne, izrazite, stabilne in globoko zakoreninjene vedenjske vzorce, ne pa za bolezen, ki bi se pojavila po predhodnem duševnem zdravju in bi jo bilo mogoče z ustreznimi zdravili pozdraviti. Ker pa so motene osebnosti pogosti storilci kaznivih dejanj in v večini primerov spoznani za prištevne, najpogosteje pristanejo v zaporu, ki je prav tako neprimerna ustanova za njihovo rehabilitacijo. Vprašanje prištevnosti je pri motenih osebnostih posebej občutljivo področje. Nekoč so bile motene osebnosti kot storilci kaznivih dejanj lahko spoznane tudi za neprištevne, od leta 2008, ko je bil sprejet KZ-1, pa le za bistveno zmanjšano prištevne, ker gre pri njih za trajno duševno motenost in ne za duševno motnjo. To pomeni, da ne izpolnjujejo bioloških pogojev neprištevnosti, ker izhajajo iz značajske strukture določene osebnosti oz. njenega karakterja, ki pa je že po naravi v konfliktu s splošnim družbenem karakterjem. V psihiatričnih izvedenskih mnenjih je največkrat zapisano, da se osebnostno moteni v času storitve kaznivega dejanja zavedajo svojih dejanj, zato so v veliko primerih spoznani za prištevne in s tem kazensko odgovorne. Pri ugotavljanju prištevnosti motenih osebnosti ne moremo mimo področja psihiatričnega izvedenstva, ki je že samo po sebi občutljivo področje, ker je njegov predmet človekovo duševno zdravje oz. človekova psiha. Pomembno za presojanje prištevnosti je predvsem to, da psihiatrični izvedenec ugotovi le psihični status storilca v času storitve kaznivega dejanja, odločitev, ali je storilec storil dejanje v prištevnem stanju, pa je vedno na strani sodnika. Sodnik torej mora poznati vsaj osnove psihiatrije, da se lahko opredeli glede storilčeve prištevnosti, zaradi česar bi bilo potrebno zagotoviti čim več strokovnih izobraževanj med sodniki in psihiatrično stroko. Neprištevnim in bistveno zmanjšano prištevnim storilcem kaznivim dejanj se izrekajo varnostni ukrepi obveznega psihiatričnega zdravljenja. Le-ti so bili izključeni iz kazenske zakonodaje zaradi spremenjenega pojma krivde, pri čemer se je pričakovalo, da bodo urejeni v Zakonu o duševnem zdravju. Ta zakon pa jih ne ureja, zato se na podlagi prehodne določbe še vedno uporabljajo določbe prej veljavnega Kazenskega zakonika. Predlagajo se že spremembe tud Personality disorders represent one of the most contentious areas in both the law and psychiatry. A personality is regarded as disordered when it combines certain personality and character features which are manifested in the relationship to value system and environment and in the lifestyle of an individual. The population of people with personality disorder accounts the highest number of most dangerous criminal offenders. Due to their complex personality, criminal procedure legislation has no direct impact on them. Furthermore, people with personality disorder remain problematic even in psychology, which results in difficulties in assessing legal responsibilities for their actions. My paper hence focuses on both the law and psychiatry, which often leads to contradictory views on the subject. In the first part of my paper I mostly explore many different categories of personality disorder, particularly exposing dissocial personality disorder, while striving to detect what leads such people to committing criminal acts and what they hope to achieve by committing them. Taking into consideration numerous factors, as for example genetic structure, that can cause personality disorders, I have been taken aback by the fact that family plays the key role in the development of such phenomenon. People with personality disorders are unaware that they need treatment. However, patients benefit little from treatment at conventional psychiatric units as their rigid and ongoing behavioral patterns are not to be regarded as mental illness, which could be treated with medication. As people with personality disorder often commit criminal acts and insanity defense is not applicable in most cases they usually end up in prison, which is equally inappropriate since prison is only suitable for people with no personality disorder and the mentally sane. The concept of accountability proves to be particularly ambiguous when dealing with personality disorders. In the past it was possible for people with personality disorder not to be held criminally liable for breaking the law because they were found legally insane at the time of the commission of alleged crimes. This has no longer been the case since the passing of the new Slovenian penal code in 2008. The latter only allows such perpetrators to be regarded as mentally impaired. Personal disorders arise from the character of an individual and in their essence deviate markedly from the expectations of the society, which means that they do not meat the biological criteria of unaccountability. Psychiatric assessment mostly states awareness of committing criminal acts in people with personality disorder, therefore they are held legally responsible for their actions. The evaluation of accountability is strongly associated to the field of psychiatric expertise. However, the role of a forensic professional is to determine a mental state at time of offence, whereas the concept of (un)accountability is of legal nature, hence it can only be determined by a judge. Consequently, a judge must be familiar with the basics of psychiatry, which can be achieved by additional expert training of psychiatrists and judges alike. Mentally impaired offenders and those who are not held responsible for their offences on the grounds of insanity are sentenced to compulsory psychiatric treatment. Such measurements have been excluded from criminal legislation due to modifications in the concept of guiltiness, neither have they been treated in the Mental Health Act. According to transitional arrangements of the latter, provisions of the formerly used Penal Code of the Republic of Slovenia are still valid. However, certain changes are to be taken place. Not only do these include the return of compulsory psychiatric treatment in criminal legislation, but they also introduce the foundation of forensic psychiatric unit, which is covered in the last part of my paper. motene osebnosti disocialno motene osebnosti disocialni sindrom prištevnost patološki afekt psihiatrično izvedenstvo forenzična bolnišnica personality disorders dissocial personality disorder dissocial sindrom accountability psychiatric assessment forensic psychiatric unit true true false [V. Tovornik] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Diplomsko delo 2011-06-15 12:24:37 2011-06-17 14:24:21 2022-04-13 15:00:36 2023-12-24 03:24:12 2011 0 Maribor 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 34(043.2) 4231979 URN:SI:UM:DK:LZYPMLVD UNI_Tovornik_Vesna_2011.pdf UNI_Tovornik_Vesna_2011.pdf 1 0E70E1CFE3290910CAC85D6898CAEBD5 0a94172005494bb299ecc5c3c86ab74f66a0689deced7c1ba0a22653797aade1 45694781-7c05-11eb-bb7a-00155d0001ca 20.500.12556/dkum/8d073c2a-90fb-436c-9c36-7c5c3f625bd5 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=22804 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0