20.500.12556/DKUM-21086 NADOMESTNO MATERINSTVO, PRIMERJALNO PRAVNA UREDITEV IN PREDLOG UREDITVE V REPUBLIKI SLOVENIJI Surrogate motherhood, Comparative regulation and a proposal for rules in the Republic of Slovenia Z razvojem medicine so se tudi na področju materinstva oziroma starševstva zgodile bistvene spremembe. Nekoč je lahko ženska postala mati oziroma sta moški in ženska lahko postala (biološka) starša otroku le po naravni poti – s spolnim odnosom. V kolikor jima to ni bilo dano, je bila edina možnost, da postaneta starša, s posvojitvijo (tujega) otroka. Razvoj medicine je omogočil različne načine zdravljenja neplodnosti. V primeru, da je imela ženska težave z zanositvijo, se ji je omogočilo ustrezno zdravljenje (hormonske terapije), ali pa se je izvedel postopek umetne oploditve. S pomočjo medicine je tako lahko ženska zanosila in rodila otroka, ki je bil biološko povezan vsaj z enim izmed staršev (če se je pri postopku umetne oploditve uporabila spolna celica darovalca/darovalke). Težava se je pojavila, ko ženska zaradi zdravstvenih razlogov ali kljub zdravljenju neplodnosti ni mogla zanositi in donositi otroka. Rešitev se je ponudila v nadomestnem materinstvu, pri katerem se ženska zaveže, da bo za plačilo ali neodplačno nosila in rodila otroka za drugo žensko oziroma starša in jima otroka po rojstvu za vedno izročila. V kolikor zdravljenje neplodnosti kot pomoč paru, da postaneta starša, še ne povzroča negativnih odzivov, je negativnih odzivov že več pri zdravljenju neplodnosti s pomočjo spolne celice (anonimnega) darovalca (možnost izbire, kakšnega otroka želimo). Vsekakor veliko negativnih odzivov sproža nadomestno materinstvo kot nova in vse pogostejša možna oblika materinstva oziroma starševstva. Naloga je sestavljena iz dveh delov. V prvem delu najprej obravnavam različne oblike materinstva oziroma starševstva, kadar par ne more dobiti otroka po naravni poti – s spolnim odnosom. Posebni poudarek je na nadomestnem materinstvu – tako medicinski kot pravni vidik. Navedeni so tudi najpogostejši etični in pravni pomisleki v zvezi z institutom nadomestnega materinstva. V nadaljevanju je prikazana ureditev nadomestnega materinstva v nekaterih državah. Ureditev tega področja sega od absolutne prepovedi do dovoljenosti in ponekod države s svojimi ukrepi sploh ne posegajo na to področje. ZDA na zvezni ravni tega področja nimajo urejenega in je tako vsaki posamezni državi prepuščeno, na kakšen način in če bo to sploh urejala. Predstavljeni so tudi nekateri mednarodni akti, ki se posredno ali neposredno nanašajo na nadomestno materinstvo. V drugem delu obravnavam, kako je nadomestno materinstvo urejeno v Sloveniji in s kakšnimi težavami se že srečujemo zaradi različne mednarodnopravne ureditve nadomestnega materinstva. Poskušam podati odgovor na vprašanje, ali naj bo nadomestno materinstvo dovoljeno v Sloveniji, zakaj in pod kakšnimi pogoji in kako bi dovolitev nadomestnega materinstva (seveda pod strogimi pogoji in omejitvami) vplivala na veljavne predpise. V tem, drugem delu bi se osredotočil predvsem na to, da bi potrdil ali ovrgel posamezne hipoteze. The development of medicine has brought substantial changes in the area of maternity and parenthood. In the past, a woman could become a mother or a couple could become (biological) parents of a child only by the natural way - through sexual intercourse. In case they could not conceive a child naturally, their only other option of becoming parents was to adopt a (foreign) child. Modern medicine has brought about new methods to treat infertility. If a woman had difficulty conceiving, she could receive treatment (hormone therapy) or she could be artificially inseminated. With the help of medicine, a woman was able to conceive and give birth to a child that was biologically related to at least one of the parents (if donor gametes were used for the artificial insemination). The problem occurred when a woman could not conceive and deliver a child due to health reasons or even after the treatment of infertility. The solution lay in surrogate motherhood, in which one woman carries and delivers a child for another woman or parents, either against payment or free of charge. After the birth of the child, the surrogate mother gives the baby away forever. While fertility treatment which helps a couple to become parents is not seen as something negative, treatment of infertility by using (anonymous) donor gametes (which gives the possibility to choose a child that we want) causes much more disagreement. Surrogate motherhood as new and ever more frequent possibility of motherhood or parenting certainly raises a lot of negative feedback. The thesis consists of two parts. In the first section I discuss different types of motherhood and parenthood when a couple is not able to get a child by the natural way - through sexual intercourse. Special emphasis is placed on surrogate motherhood - both medical and legal aspects. I also describe the most common ethical and legal concerns related to the notion of surrogate motherhood, followed by an overview of the regulations regarding surrogate motherhood in some countries. The regulations vary a lot: in some countries, the surrogate motherhood is completely banned, whereas in the others it is permitted; some countries do not interfere in this issue. The U.S. do not have a regulation at the federal level and states have their own laws regarding the surrogate motherhood. The thesis also features some international acts that directly or indirectly relate to the surrogate motherhood. In the second part of the thesis I focused on the situation regarding the surrogate motherhood in Slovenia: regulations and difficulties we face due to a different international legal regulations regarding surrogate motherhood. I try to answer the question whether the surrogate motherhood is allowed in Slovenia and why and under what conditions it should be allowed. Moreover, I try to find how the surrogate motherhood (under strict conditions and restrictions, of course) would affect the applicable regulations. In this second part of the thesis I primarily focused on whether to confirm or refute each hypothesis. nadomestno materinstvo nadomestna mati nameravana (bodoča) starša otrok oploditev z biomedicinsko pomočjo starševske pravice surrogate motherhood surrogate mother intended parents children medically assisted reproduction parental rights true true false [S. Bračko] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo 2011-10-24 11:56:52 2011-11-08 09:17:04 2022-04-14 08:31:38 2023-12-27 03:36:25 2011 0 Maribor 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 34(043.2) 4284971 URN:SI:UM:DK:DX7HZFMB MAG_Bracko_Srecko_2011.pdf MAG_Bracko_Srecko_2011.pdf 1 5B2481D9A30C3DAAE891CF4BDE08F07B d1c047e30dbd07cb3690986ddbe7ba69d29a9d052b33c986e6ad738632fc04e6 c71fb4c5-7c05-11eb-bb7a-00155d0001ca 20.500.12556/dkum/ccd7bcfb-925e-4df5-b05e-1e7251566faa https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=26526 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0