20.500.12556/DKUM-43107 OKOLIŠČINE, KI SO PRIVEDLE DO IZGRADNJE IN RUŠITVE BERLINSKEGA ZIDU CIRCUMSTANCES THAT LED TO THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL Ob koncu druge svetovne vojne je bilo najbolj pereče mednarodno vprašanje prav vprašanje Nemčije. Zavezniki so po vojni Nemčijo razdelili na štiri okupacijske cone, glavno mesto Berlin pa na štiri sektorje. V letu 1949 sta nato nastali dve ločeni nemški državi, na zahodni strani je nastala ZRN s parlamentarno demokracijo po vzoru zahoda, na vzhodu pa je pod vplivom Sovjetske zveze nastala NDR, ki je kmalu po nastanku začela z izgradnjo ljudske demokracije po vzoru Sovjetske zveze. V diplomski nalogi se sprašujemo predvsem po okoliščinah, ki so vodstvo NDR leta 1961 privedle do tega, da so zgradili berlinski zid in ga nato v letu 1989 porušili. Številni Vzhodni Nemci so se že pred postavitvijo zidu odločili za prebeg na zahod, saj v NDR zaradi načrtne izgradnje socializma in s tem povezanega planskega gospodarstva niso videli svoje prihodnosti. Prebegi na zahod so močno načenjali živce takratnega voditelja NDR Walterja Ulbrichta in ogrožali gospodarstvo ter posledično obstoj države. Izgradnjo zidu je vodstvo SED opravičevalo z idejo o zaščito pred sabotažo, vohunstvom in agresijo z zahoda, toda zid je bil zgrajen izključno iz enega razloga – za obrambo države pred svojimi državljani, ki so želeli na zahod. S postavitvijo zidu se je število prebegov močno zmanjšalo, kljub temu so nekateri še vedno poskušali. Za padec zidu je bil odločilnega pomena nov potovalni zakon, s katerim je vzhodnonemško vodstvo svojim državljanom dovolilo potovanje na zahod. 9. novembra 1989 je na tisoče Berlinčanov zahtevalo odprtje meje, številni so splezali na zid in ga začeli rušiti. Prav množičnost ljudi je bila tista, zaradi katere so stražarji na meji popustili in spustili ljudi skozi. The most burning question at the end of World War II was the international position of Germany. Following World War II the Allies divided Germany into four military occupation zones and the capital city of Berlin into four sectors. In 1949 the formation of two separate German states took place with the Federal Republic of Germany with parliamentary democracy that followed the example of the West established in the West and with the German Democratic Republic in the East. Latter followed the example of the Soviet Union that soon after the establishment began with the formation of the people’s democracy following the example of the Soviet Union. The diploma thesis predominantly attempts to resolve the question of circumstances that led the German Democratic Republic to put up the Berlin Wall in 1961 and then bring it down in 1989. Numerous East Germans had already decided to flee to the West long before the erection of the Wall, since they had no vision for the future in the German Democratic Republic due to the planned construction of socialism and related planned economy. The people fleeing to the West gave the leader of the German Democratic Republic, Walter Ulbricht, grey hair and endangered the economy and subsequently the existence of the country. The erection of the Wall was justified by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany with the notion of ensuring protection against sabotage, espionage and aggression from the West; however, the erection of the wall served one purpose, and one purpose only, to protect the country against their own citizens wishing to flee to the West. By building up the wall the number of people fleeing to the West decreased substantially; however, there were still attempts to do so. The fall of the Berlin Wall had a crucial impact on the travel law adopted by the East German leaders to allow their citizens to travel to the West. On 9 November 1989 thousands of Berlin citizens demanded the border to be opened and many of them climbed the Wall and began to tear it down. The great mass of the people is what forced the guards to open the border and let people pass the gate. Ulbricht Berlinski zid prebegi na zahod Nemška demokratična republika Zvezna republika Nemčija Honecker Ulbricht Berlin Wall fleeing to the West German Democratic Republic Federal Republic of Germany Honecker true true false [K. Strmljan] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Diplomsko delo 2013-11-28 10:47:53 2021-02-01 10:31:16 2022-05-09 03:05:47 2021-04-28 03:25:41 2013 0 Maribor 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 94(430.3)(043.2) 20103688 URN:SI:UM:DK:OKHQQOUD UNI_Strmljan_Katja_2013.pdf UNI_Strmljan_Katja_2013.pdf 1 89B073CDC1AE513E9AC0EC4C2C64BB45 0095ac81d52c6533c5fdd8809e162a6dfa4330b924b088c357cd816ee392756d 8ef9c986-7c0a-11eb-bb7a-00155d0001ca https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=60799 Filozofska fakulteta 0 0 0