20.500.12556/DKUM-43241 PRAVNI VIDIKI POGINOV ČEBEL LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE DEATH OF BEES Čebele so zelo pomemben del našega planeta. Za ljudi so koristne predvsem zaradi opraševanja v ekosistemu. Po poročanju Evropske komisije kar 84 odstotkov poljščin potrebuje opraševanje, pri čemer velik delež prispevajo prav čebele. To pomeni, da če bi iz Zemlje izginile, bi sčasoma ostali brez hrane, česar pa se vse premalo zavedamo. Človek ogroža čebele predvsem z neselektivnim škropljenjem poljščin s fitofarmacevtskimi sredstvi (FFS), aktivnimi snovmi in pripravki, ki so namenjeni varstvu rastlin pred boleznimi in škodljivimi organizmi. Ob nepravilni in nenadzorovani uporabi lahko povzročijo hude posledice za vsa živa bitja. V Sloveniji je to privedlo do povečanja smrtnosti čebel že v preteklosti, množičnim poginom pa smo po celem svetu priča v zadnjem desetletju. V Sloveniji so se zgodili štirje odmevnejši (v letih 2004, 2006, 2008 in 2011). Zaradi krizne situacije je Evropska Unija (EU) predvsem z direktivami in uredbami področje FFS v zadnjih štirih letih natančno uredila. Tudi Slovenija je sprejela kar nekaj ukrepov. Leta 2008 je v skladu z načelom previdnosti za nekaj mesecev celo prepovedala uporabo in promet nekaterih aktivnih snovi, kar se je izkazalo za zelo pomembno, saj je kmalu po preklicu prepovedi državo pretresel največji pomor v naši zgodovini. Povzročile so ga aktivne snovi, ki so bile pred tem prepovedane, zato je bila leta 2011 prepoved znova sprejeta. Kljub celovito urejenemu področju FFS so se pomori čebel v EU po sprejetih spremembah nadaljevali, zato se je pojavilo vprašanje, kje se pravzaprav skriva glavni razlog in kdo je za vso škodo odgovoren. Zadnje študije so pokazale, da so kmetje pri vsem tem le žrtve in da se bo potrebno osredotočiti predvsem na proizvajalce FFS. Dokler ne bodo prihodnje raziskave dokončno razkrile celotne resnice, bo potrebno hitro ukrepanje in preventivno ravnanje ter upoštevanje načela previdnosti. V skladu s slednjim je EU letos spomladi že sprejela prepoved uporabe nekaterih neonikotinoidov, v tej smeri pa namerava tudi nadaljevati. Četudi se glavna krivda dokaže FFS, pa bo še vedno ostalo odprto vprašanje, kdo bi moral povrniti nastalo škodo. Proizvajalci FFS ali EU oz. države članice, ker so jim dovolile dostop na trg in ker niso pravočasno sprejele previdnostnih ukrepov. Bees are a very important part of our planet. For people they are useful mostly for the purpose of pollination in the ecosystem. The European Commission reports, that as much as 84 percent of all crops require pollination, the main contributors of which are bees. This means that if bees disappeared from the Earth, we would eventually remain without food, a fact we are not aware of quite enough. Man threatens bees primarily with non-selective spraying of crops with phytopharmaceutical products (PPP), active substances and preparations, which are used to protect plants against diseases and pests. Incorrect and uncontrolled use of such products can lead to serious consequences for all living beings. In Slovenia, this led to an increase of bee mortality already in the past, and mass deaths throughout the whole world have been witnessed in the last decade. In Slovenia, four such massive events took place (in 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2011). Due to the crisis situation, the European Union (EU) has introduced specific directives and regulations on PPP in the last four years. Slovenia has also adopted several measures. In 2008, in accordance to the precautionary principle, Slovenia even banned the use and trade of certain active substances for several months, which proved to be very important, since shortly after the reversal of the prohibition the country was shaken by the biggest slaughter in our history. It was caused by active substances which were previously banned, and therefore in 2011 the prohibition came into effect again. Despite the overall orderly field of the PPP and the emplaced changes the mortality of bees in the EU continued to increase, so the question arose, where in fact the main cause lies and who is responsible for the damage. Recent studies have shown that farmers are merely victims in the situation and that the focus should mainly be on producers of pesticides. Till future research finally reveals the whole truth, swift action will be required, as well as, preventive behaviour and adherence to the precautionary principle. According to the latter, the EU already adopted prohibition of some neonicotinoids in spring of this year, and it intends to continue in this direction. Even if the main culprit proves to be PPP, the question of who should compensate for the damage will remain open, the manufacturers of PPP, or the EU or its Member States because they allowed them to go on the market and they did not take precautionary measures in time. pogini čebel FFS neonikotinoidi načelo previdnosti ukrepi. bee mortality phytopharmaceutical pesticides neonicotinoids the principle of precautionary measures. true true false [A. Kočevar] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Diplomsko delo 2013-12-12 07:54:08 2014-02-06 13:27:50 2022-05-09 03:06:30 2021-04-28 03:22:28 2013 0 Maribor 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 349.6(043.2) 4618795 URN:SI:UM:DK:FIQIJCZW UNI_Kocevar_Anja_2013.pdf UNI_Kocevar_Anja_2013.pdf 1 48AD19C315B4C346BFD7215497786D3A 79ce8621133c1c88806960650b8459df3f9985068de523575fb5d2f026f2c4df 992b5e5d-7c0a-11eb-bb7a-00155d0001ca https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=61152 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0