20.500.12556/DKUM-43249 IN VIVO TIME ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF QUALITY DEVELOPMENT IN RIPENING APPLE FRUIT In- vivo časovna analiza dinamike razvoja kakovosti jabolk med zorenjem Colour and taste are important attributes of apple fruit quality that is generated during the fruit-growing period. Despite a plethora of studies dealing with this topic, the detailed information on how quality is generated is, however, still lacking. This is because traditionally, the obtained agro-morphological and biochemical data are analysed with empirical models using mean values of large samples, without taking the effects of biological variation into account, thus completely masking the spatio-temporal physiological mechanisms. To really understand quality, its generation during fruit growth needs to be monitored and modelled. When knowledge exists on the type and kinetics of the processes involved, the variation in properties can be described and taken into account by using so-called fundamental models, built on theoretical considerations. To understand the behaviour and the variation of colour and taste compounds, within or between individual fruits, and to assess their importance throughout the food supply chain, it is therefore important to understand the dynamics of these compounds during growth. The study consisted of (1) a preliminary experiment, aiming to determine the suitability of the semi-destructive biopsy sampling technique for in-vivo monitoring of certain metabolites during apple fruit development on a tree, (2) an experiment on spatial distribution, and (3) an experiment on temporal distribution of metabolites and colour in developing individual apple fruit. The experiment on spatial distribution was conducted to determine the effect of location on the accumulation of the individual quality components within apple fruit, and the parallel temporal experiment was conducted to monitor the dynamics and mechanisms of these components in apple fruit during on the tree development. Diameter and standard maturity indices of fruit flesh firmness, soluble solids content, starch degradation index, titratable acidity, and Streif maturity index were also determined, to obtain relations between individual quality components. Colour descriptors (L*, a* b*), individual sugars (fructose, sucrose, glucose), sorbitol, and individual organic acids (malic, citric, shikimic, fumaric) were monitored from 40 and 54 days before to 16 and 32 days after the optimum maturity for long term storage on individual apples of cv. ‘Gala’ and cv. ‘Pinova’. Data were analysed with classic empirical statistics as well as with non-linear indexed regression, based on process oriented models, which included biological variation between apples of the same batch. Frequently probelation and quantile regression were applied. The results of the preliminary experiment confirmed that the novel biopsy sampling technique is suitable for in-vivo monitoring of the spatio-temporal distribution of colour and individual taste components during on-tree apple fruit development. In the results from the experiment on spatial distribution, a sinusoidal distribution over locations at 70° above the fruit equator was observed for all the monitored quality components. Descriptor a* was highest at the blush, and b* and L* at the shaded side of the fruit. Citric acid preferentially accumulated at the shaded side of the fruit, whereas fructose in cv. ‘Gala’ tended to accumulate at the blush. Other metabolites were more or less equally distributed within fruit. The results of longitudinal monitoring reveal a sigmoidal increase of a*, an exponential increase of diameter and sugars, and an exponential decrease of organic acids over time. In both cultivars, large variations were observed between individual fruit for all the monitored quality components. When analysed with non-linear indexed regression, based on process-oriented models, and after the probelation combined with quantile regression, the explained parts of the majority of the monitored quality components were well above 90 %. The mechanism of colour development was the same for both cultivars. The biological shift factor for all metabolites and colour had roughly the same value within cultiv Barva in okus jabolk sta pomembni lastnosti kakovosti, ki nastajata tekom rasti plodov. Kljub številnim opravljenim raziskavam, so kazalci povezani s kakovostjo plodov še vedno pomanjkljivo opredeljeni. Tradicionalno se namreč dobljeni agromorfološki in biokemični podatki analizirajo z empiričnimi modeli z uporabo srednjih vrednosti velikih vzorcev, brez upoštevanja vplivov biološke variabilnosti, kar privede do popolnega maskiranja spatialno-temporalnih fizioloških mehanizmov. Za razumevanje kakovosti, je potrebno spremljati in modelirati njen nastanek med razvojem plodov. S pridobljenimi spoznanji o tipu in kinetiki procesov, vključenih v razvoj kakovosti, se lahko prisotna variabilnost opiše in upošteva z uporabo temeljnih modelov, ki bazirajo na teoretičnih predpostavkah. Za razumevanje barve ter komponent okusa plodov in za ocenitev vpliva teh komponent v celotni prehranski verigi, je torej pomembno razumeti njihovo dinamiko in variabilnost med razvojem individualnih plodov. V raziskavi smo v treh sklopih vrednotili: (1) primernost semi-destruktivnga biopsijskega vzorčenja za in-vivo spremljanje določenih metabolitov med razvojem jabolk na drevesu (preliminarni poskus), (2) prostorsko razporeditev metabolitov in barve na individualnih plodovih, (3) ter časovno razporeditev metabolitov in barve v obdobju zorenja plodov. Poskus o prostorski porazdelitvi metabolitov in barve je bil narejen z namenom določiti vpliv lokacije na akumulacijo posameznih kakovostnih komponent znotraj plodov. Vzporedni časovni poskus je bil izveden z namenom spremljanja dinamike in mehanizmov posameznih kakovostnih komponent med razvojem plodov na drevesu. Določeni so bili tudi premer plodov in standarni indeksi zrelosti kot so trdota mesa plodov, vsebnost topne suhe snovi, škrobni indeks, titraticijska kislost in Streifov indeks zrelosti, z namenom ugotoviti povezave med posameznimi komponentami kakovosti. Barvni deskriptorji (L*, a* b*), posamezni sladkorji (fruktoza, saharoza, glukoza), sorbitol ter posamezne organske kisline (jabolčna, citronska, šikiminska, fumarna) so bili spremljani na posameznih plodovih sort ‘Gala’ in ‘Pinova’ v obdobju 40 oz. 54 dni pred do 16 oz. 32 dni po optimalni zrelosti plodov za dolgoročno skladiščenje. Podatki so bili analizirani s klasično empirično statistiko, kot tudi z nelinearno indeksirano regresijo, osnovano na k procesu orientiranih modelih, ki vključujejo tudi podatke o biološki variabilnosti med plodovi znotraj serije. Pogosto sta bili uporabljeni probelacija in kvantilna regresija. Rezultati preliminarnega poskusa so potrdili primernost tehnike biopsijskega vzorečenja za in-vivo spremljanje prostorsko-časovne razporeditve posameznih komponent okusa med razvojem jabolk na drevesu. Pri vrednotenju prostorske razporeditve posameznih komponent se kaže sinusoidna razporeditev vseh opazovanih kakovostnih komponent glede na lokacije okoli ekvatorja plodov (z zamikom 70 ° nad ekvatorjem). Barvni deskriptor a* je dosegal najvišje vrednosti na osončeni, in deskriptorja b* and L* na senčni strani plodov. Citronska kislina se je prednostno akumulirala na senčni strani plodov, vsebnosti fruktoze pri ‘Gali’ pa so kazale tendenco akumulacije na sončni strani. Vsi ostali metaboliti so bili bolj ali manj enakomerno razporejeni znotraj plodov. Rezultati časovnega spremljanja metabolitov in barve razkrivajo sigmoidno povečevanje a*, eksponentno povečevanje premera plodov in sladkorjev, in eksponento zniževanje vsebnosti organskih kislin. Pri obeh sortah so bile med individumi ugotovljene velike variacije v opazovanih kakovostnih komponentah. Po analiziranju podatkov z nelinearno indeksirano regresijo, osnovano na k procesu orientiranim modelom, in po probelaciji združeni s kvantilno regresijo, so bile pojasnjene variacije za večino spremljanih kakovostnih komponent večje od 90 %. Mehanizem razvoja barve je bil enak za obe sorti. Faktor biološkega premika je imel, znotraj kultivarja, podobne vrednosti za vse metabolite in barvo. Med določenimi barvnimi desk apple fruit colour models organic acids spatio-temporal monitoring sugars jabolka barva org. kisline sladkorji lokacijsko-časovni monitoring fundamentalni modeli true true false Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Doktorska disertacija 2013-12-12 15:18:28 2013-12-19 13:39:49 2022-05-09 03:06:33 2021-04-27 03:23:44 2013 0 Maribor 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 URN:SI:UM:DK:NNYB9WAB DR_Sadar_Nadja_2013.pdf DR_Sadar_Nadja_2013.pdf 1 E25837928C47216267A4531CF7016AE5 6320b6f454cf3a8f08eb889c61d2549fc4a4f0ad7e508edcae60f7a9a8ecba80 976627fc-7c0a-11eb-bb7a-00155d0001ca https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=61095 Fakulteta za kmetijstvo in biosistemske vede 0 0 0