20.500.12556/DKUM-58510 Glive v sestoju črne jelše (Alnus glutinosa) na Turnišču pri Ptuju Fungi in a black alder (Alnus glutinosa) forest stand in Turnišče near Ptuj Glive imajo svoj izvor v pradavnini. Domnevno so prve glive Zemljo naselile pred tremi milijardami let. Dolgo časa so bile gobe zanimive le kot hrana in kresilno sredstvo. Čeprav so na območju Slovenije ljudje gobe za prehrano nabirali že vse od rimskih časov, smo prve podatke o užitnih gobah dobili šele po letu 1500. Glive si niso sposobne same proizvajati hrane tako kot rastline, temveč s pomočjo množice encimov, ki jih izločajo, reciklirajo odmrli organski material. Rastlinske celične stene so zelo močne, sestojijo iz celuloze in lignina. Edini organizmi, ki so zmožni razgradnje celuloze in lignina, so različne glive in bakterije. Večino podatkov o razširjenosti makromicet v Sloveniji prispevajo amaterski gobarji, ki nabirajo gobe predvsem v tipičnih gospodarskih gozdovih. Pestrost gliv v ekstremnih razmerah (visoka vlaga, visoka nadmorska višina, idr.) je pri nas slabo poznana. Eden naših prvih raziskovalcev gobjega sveta, izven okvira užitnih gob, je bil Scopoli. Resnejše mikološko delo se je pri nas začelo šele v drugi polovici 20. stoletja. Trenutno je na svetu poznanih nekaj čez 100.000 vrst gliv. Raziskovalci domnevajo, da poznamo približno 5 % vseh vrst, kar pomeni, da naj bi bilo na Zemlji do 2 milijona različnih vrst gliv. Namen magistrskega dela je bil s sistematičnim terenskim delom in mikroskopiranjem nabranih vzorcev ter njihovo identifikacijo ugotoviti vrstno sestavo in razširjenost makromicet v sestoju črne jelše na Turnišču pri Ptuju. Območje, ki leži na 220 m n.m., se nahaja 3 km južno od centra Ptuja. Opazovanje lokacije smo začeli v letu 2013, raziskava je potekala v letu 2014 na 0,2 ha velikem območju sestoja črne jelše (Alnus glutinosa) ob gradu Turnišče. Nižje ob gradu je ribnik in gozdni kompleks, velik približno 20 ha. Za tukajšnji gozd so značilne obrečne prsti z vključki oglejenih prsti. Gre za mlade, zelo vlažne prsti, ki so pod vplivom poplavne vode. Nekoliko višje ob gradu najdemo drug tip prsti; distrični ranker na nekarbonatnem rečnem produ. Gozd pripada združbi črne jelše (Alnus glutinosa) in podaljšanega šaša (Carex elongata). Združba je edinstvena za celotno območje toka Drave od Maribora do Središča ob Dravi. Razen na Turnišču je prisotna le še na manjši površini pri Vurberku. Črna jelša se lahko prilagodi stalnemu pomanjkanju kisika in hranil v tleh, pri čemer ji pomagajo simbiontski organizmi. Znana je povezava z aktinomicetnimi bakterijami iz rodu Frankia v koreninskih izrastkih, kjer bakterije vežejo atmosferski dušik in ga pretvorijo v nitrate, ki so dostopni jelši. Sestoj leži na nekdanji terasi reke Drave in je dokaj težko dostopen, saj je iz treh strani omejen z vodo. V neposredni bližini je izvir studenčnice, kar je hidrološka posebnost tega območja. Kompleks Turnišče je od leta 2004 določen kot naravna vrednota državnega pomena zoološke, hidrološke in botanične zvrsti z imenom Turniška studenčnica. Izvira na robu terase ob Dravi, le nekaj deset metrov od raziskovalnega sestoja črne jelše. Gre za izvir talne vode, ki je že kmalu po izviru širša od dveh metrov. Potok je ohranjen v naravnem stanju. Celotno območje kompleksa Turnišče, brez gradu in parka, je tudi del Natura 2000 območja Drava (SPA), EPO Drava (41500) in je izjemnega pomena kot gnezdišče, počivališče in zimovališče številnih vrst vodnih in obvodnih ptic. Terenski del raziskave je potekal od januarja do konca oktobra leta 2014. Osredotočili smo se le na makroskopske vrste gliv (makromicete). Trosnjake smo iskali in nabirali na golih in vlažnih tleh, na podrasti, na različnem lesnem substratu (drevesa, podrta debla, trohneči panji, padlo vejevje, koščki lesa, lubje). Število nabranih vzorcev je bilo precej večje od števila določenih vzorcev, saj mnogo vzorcev zaradi različnih vzrokov (nerazviti, prestari, premajhni, plesnivi vzorci) ni bilo možno določiti. Teh vzorcev nismo vključili v nadaljnjo raziskavo. Tistih vrst gliv, ki smo jih našli že pri predhodnih obiskih terena, kasneje nismo zapisali še enkrat. Vsake vrst Fungi originate in prehistoric times, presumably they colonized Earth three billion years ago. For humans mushrooms were interesting as food and tinder for a long time. Although mushrooms were picked for food in Slovenian area since Roman times, first recorded data mentioning edible mushrooms have not been reported until year 1500. Fungi are not capable of producing their own food like plants so they recycle dead organic matter with secretion of great number of enzymes. Plant cell walls are very rigid; they contain cellulose and lignin. Some fungi and bacteria species are the only organisms capable of decomposing such components. Amateur mushroom pickers who are searching for fungi mainly in typical managed forests collect majority of fungi distribution data in Slovenia. In Slovenia biodiversity of fungi, growing in extreme conditions (high moisture, high altitude, etc.) is poorly known. One of Slovenian first fungi researcher was Scopoli but serious mycological work in this area has not begun before second half of 20th century. At the moment, there is over 100,000 fungi species known worldwide. Researchers suppose that is only approximately 5 % of all species so there is at least 2 million different fungi species on Earth. The aim of our research was to make a list of fungal species and their distribution in a black alder forest in Turnišče near Ptuj using systematic field work and sample microscopy. Research area is located on 220 m. a. s. and is only 3 km South from Ptuj city center. Observations of location for our study started in 2013 but field work in the forest beside Turnišče castle had been conducted in the year 2014. Forest in the size of 0.2 ha belongs to plant community of black alder (Alnus glutinosa) and elongated sedge (Carex elongata). This community is unique for the area of Drava riverbank between Maribor and Središče ob Dravi. Because of symbiotic associations (for example with bacteria from genus Frankia) black alder can be adapted to low level of oxygen and nutrients in the soil. The research area is surrounded by ground water and is consequently difficult to access. Nearby there is a spring and that is special hydrological feature of the area. Since the year 2004 Turnišče complex is defined as national value of national significance (zoological, hydrological, botanical), named the spring of Turniška studenčnica. The spring is located only about ten meters away from the research area. The brook is wider than two meters very quick after the spring and is conserved in its natural state. Whole area of Turnišče complex is part of Natura 2000 area Drava (SPA), EPO Drava (41500) because it is an important area as nesting site, a resting place and a winter resort for many species of aquatic and riparian birds. The field work for the research was taking place since January until October in the year 2014. The focus was on the macroscopic fungi species (macromycetes). Fruiting bodies have been found on bare moist soil, on the undergrowth and different kinds of wooden substrate (trees, fallen trunks and branches, rotting stumps, pieces of wood, bark). Some samples were not able to be determined because they were underdeveloped, too old, too small or moldy and that is why the number of fungi samples collected during the field work is much higher than the number of determined samples. Each taxa was recorded only once even if it was found repeatedly. For each species only two or three friuting bodies were collected. All the mushrooms were photographed and all their morphological and ecological characteristics have been described. The location of the species was collected with GPS device Magellan. Samples were examined and observed through a light microscope, then dried and stored in paper bags with labels that contained sample data. The exsiccats of collected fungi are preserved in Mycotheca and Herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute. Microscopic samples were observed on three locations: in the Laboratory of Microsc črna jelša Alnus glutinosa glive Turnišče pri Ptuju Slovenija black alder Alnus glutinosa fungi Turnišče near Ptuj Slovenia true true false [L. Šparl] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2016-04-20 23:49:55 2016-05-18 14:33:04 2022-06-17 03:06:18 2021-02-05 03:23:12 2016 0 Ptuj 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 582.28:582.622.1(497.4Turnišče)(043.2) 22205192 URN:SI:UM:DK:PKCJZBUL MAG_Sparl_Luka_2016.pdf MAG_Sparl_Luka_2016.pdf 1 FA588C80DACD2E8777019A4A4982DAC6 67817670f6c5969c1b660838a38fae7b008d77cd37d911f2423fdff687bd2b00 157ffbb1-7c0c-11eb-bb7a-00155d0001ca https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=89169 Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko 0 0 0