20.500.12556/DKUM-65186 Pristop za celovit nadzor izpostavljenosti nevarnim snovem na delovnih mestih APPROACH FOR COMPREHENSIVE SUPERVISION OF THE WORKPLACE EXPOSURE TO DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES Izpostavljenost nevarnim snovem na delovnih mestih je kompleksno področje, ki zahteva interdisciplinarno obravnavo. V doktorski disertaciji je prikazan sistemski pristop, ki problematiko obravnava celovito, tako da povezuje različne discipline, tj. splošno kemijo, analitsko kemijo, kemijsko procesno tehniko, medicino in pravo, in s tem na sistematičen način omogoča celovit nadzor nad izpostavljenostjo nevarnim snovem na delovnih mestih. Metodološki pristop je zasnovan na algoritemski način, ki sestoji iz petih korakov. V prvem koraku, »Zbiranje podatkov«, so podani napotki za učinkovito zbiranje podatkov o nevarnih snoveh oz. zmeseh na delovnih mestih, zbrane so svetovne organizacije in baze podatkov, ki zbirajo in obdelujejo te podatke. V drugem koraku, »Opredelitev nevarnosti«, so navedeni načini za prepoznavanje nevarnosti, ki izhajajo iz lastnosti nevarnih snovi oz. zmesi. Tretji korak, »Ocenitev tveganja«, prikazuje postopke za celovito obravnavo dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na tveganja in prispevajo k njihovemu zniževanju, kot so psihosocialne razmere, zdravstveni nadzor, usposabljanja, delovna oprema, delovno okolje (osvetljenost, toplotno udobje, ročno premeščanje bremen, hrup, vibracije, elektromagnetna sevanja, alkohol, droge in druge psihoaktivne snovi, ustreznost hrambe in skladiščenje nevarnih snovi), meritve kemičnih škodljivosti, osebna varovalna oprema, biološki monitoring in izvajanje notranjega nadzora. V četrtem koraku, »Ukrepi za zmanjšanje tveganja«, so opredeljeni varnostni ukrepi od tistih z najvišjo prednostjo, tj. nadomestitev nevarne kemične snovi in/ali procesa z manj nevarno ali nenevarno snovjo in/ali procesom, če je to tehnično možno, do organizacijskih in individualnih ukrepov. V petem koraku, »Revizija ocene tveganja«, so podani napotki za redno obnavljanje ocene tveganja in evalvacijo napredka. Razvito metodologijo smo prikazali na primerih delavcev, ki so izpostavljeni stirenu in svincu oz. svinčevim spojinam, na celotnem ozemlju Republike Slovenije. Izsledki raziskave kažejo, da so najvišjim koncentracijam svinca izpostavljeni delavci v proizvodnji svinčevih akumulatorjev, nekateri so izpostavljeni celo avtoriziranim svinčevim spojinam. Največji koncentraciji stirena so izpostavljeni delavci pri ročnem nanašanju poliestrskih in vinilestrskih smol, ki se jim je vrednost mandljeve kisline v urinu zvišala za 30 % v primerjavi s predhodno raziskavo. Vpliv ototoksičnosti stirena in svinca je bil v vseh dejavnostih spregledan. Preliminarno smo opredelili tudi nevarnosti za delavce, ki so izpostavljeni nanodelcem. Prednost razvite metodologije je, da predstavlja splošni postopek, ki se lahko uporabi za nadzor izpostavljenosti različnim nevarnim snovem na delovnih mestih. Rezultati disertacije so uporabni za različne ciljne skupine, kot so izpostavljeni delavci, strokovni delavci s področja varnosti, odgovorne osebe, organi nadzora, vladne strokovne službe itd. Prispevajo k zmanjšanju tveganja za obolenja in poškodbe delavcev, vplivajo na znižanje verjetnosti požara in eksplozije ter na dvig ravni kemijske varnosti. Rezultati disertacije so pokazali nekatere vrzeli na zakonodajnem področju, zato bodo potencialna podlaga za oblikovanje zakonodajnih predlogov tako v Republiki Sloveniji kot v Evropski uniji. Exposure to dangerous substances in the workplace is a complex field requiring interdisciplinary approaches. My PhD thesis is aimed at the development of a methodological approach which treats problems in a comprehensive systematic way to connect different branches, i.e. general chemistry, analytical chemistry, chemical process engineering, medicine as well as law and enables a comprehensive supervision of the workplace exposure to dangerous substances. The methodological approach is based on the algorithmic way consisting of five steps. Step number one “The collection of data” comprises directions for an effective collection of data on dangerous substances and compounds to which workers are exposed in their workplace. Moreover, it includes the selection of world organisations and data bases which collect and process this data. However, step two “The definition of danger” comprises the ways of recognising the danger arising from the properties of dangerous substances and compounds. Step three »Risk assessment« shows procedures for comprehensive proceedings of factors influencing the risk and contributing to the risk reduction, like psychosocial risks, health supervision, trainings, working equipment, work environment (light, heat comfort, carrying loads, noise, vibrations, suitable warehousing of dangerous substances), chemical hazard measurements, personal protective equipment, biological monitoring and internal control. Step number four “Risk reduction measures” defines safety measures beginning with the one with the highest priority, i.e. the replacement of a dangerous substance and/or process with a less dangerous or an undangerous one, if technically possible; followed by organisational and individual measures. Step five “A review of the risk assessment” contains instructions for the regular renewal of risk assessments and progress evaluations. Our methodology has been shown at the examples of workers exposed to styrene and lead or lead compounds in the entire area of the Republic Slovenia. According to our research workers in the production of lead-acid batteries are exposed to the highest lead concentrations, some of them are even exposed to authorised lead compounds. However, workers who apply polyester and vinylester resin manually are exposed to the highest styrene concentrations and their mandalic acid concentration in urine was increased by 30 percent in comparison with the previous research. The influence of the styrene and lead ototoxicity was overlooked in all branches. Furthermore, we have defined preliminary the danger for workers exposed to nanoparticles. The advantage of our methodology is that this is a general procedure which can be used for the supervision of exposure to different dangerous substances in the workplace. The results of this PhD thesis are of wide general application for the target group such as workers exposed to dangerous substances, professional workers from the field of safety, managers, supervising bodies, government professional services, etc. In addition, they contribute to the risk reduction for illnesses and injuries of workers, fires and explosions as well as to the increase of chemical safety. The PhD thesis results have shown some gaps in the legislative field, therefore, they constitute a foundation for submitting legislative proposals in the Republic of Slovenia as well as in the European Union. varnost in zdravje pri delu nadzor nevarne snovi stiren svinec biološki monitoring safety and health at work supervision dangerous substances styrene lead biological monitoring true true false [L. Korat] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Doktorsko delo/naloga 2017-03-16 07:45:26 2017-11-09 15:00:59 2022-07-07 03:08:33 2019-07-11 15:10:21 2017 0 Maribor 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 620.26:331.436(043.3) 20924694 URN:SI:UM:DK:MXSDB9H2 DOK_Korat_Lidija_2017.pdf DOK_Korat_Lidija_2017.pdf 1 C74766A12ECD0EBD7FCF7326C88AE05E 266dc055148130f4abd05f41d52a76a2af076d33610504b471e053e866e059d7 75d1b32f-7c0f-11eb-bb7a-00155d0001ca https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=119897 Fakulteta za kemijo in kemijsko tehnologijo 0 0 0