20.500.12556/DKUM-83109 Prosto gibanje delavcev in pojem delavec v EU v luči aktualnih izzivov: od digitalizacije do pandemije od digitalizacije do pandemije Free movement of workers and the concept of workers in the EU in the light of current challenges: from digitalization to pandemic magistrsko delo Pojem »delavec« predstavlja osrednji pojem tako v okviru temeljne svoboščine prostega gibanja delavcev, ki je ena izmed štirih svoboščin notranjega trga EU kot tudi preostalega materialnega delovnega prava, vendar kljub temu pravo EU ne daje enotne definicije. Posledično je ključni vir razlage koncepta »delavec« postalo Sodišče EU skozi svojo sodno prakso. Pravno podlago za razlago pojma »delavec« je Sodišče EU iskalo v členu 45 PDEU o prostem gibanju delavcev. Prelomno odločitev je sprejelo v zadevi Lawrie Blum, v kateri je ustvarilo tristopenjski test, na podlagi katerega je mogoče ugotoviti obstoj delovnega razmerja v smislu člena 45 PDEU. Test zajema tri ključne kriterije, ki se nanašajo na ekonomsko dejavnost, nadzor delodajalca in plačilo za opravljeno delo. Ob analizi sodne prakse znotraj posameznih kriterijev lahko hitro ugotovimo, da je tudi sodna praksa Sodišča EU neenotna, kar povzroča še dodatno nejasnost in zmedo. Zdi se, da je Sodišče EU razpeto med varstvom temeljne svoboščine notranjega trga in bojaznijo držav članic, da jim bo naloženo dodatno socialno breme. Na prosti pretok oseb in pojem »delavec« sta v zadnjih letih vplivala proces digitalizacije in pandemija Covid-19. Prvi vpliv je s seboj prinesel številne novosti, med drugim tudi platformno ekonomijo in novi obliki dela, crowdwork (množično delo) in on demand via app (delo na zahtevo preko aplikacij). Izvajalci v teh oblikah opravljajo delo pogosto kot samostojni podjetniki. Posledično se je tudi na tem področju začelo postavljati vprašanje, kdo ustreza pojmu »delavec«. Sodišče EU konkretno še ni odločalo o tem vprašanju, pričakovati pa je, da ko bo do tega prišlo, bo v okviru tristopenjskega testa največ težav povzročal kriterij dejanskega in resničnega dela in nadzor drugega subjekta. Na pomanjkanje avtonomne definicije pojma »delavec« v pravu EU kažejo tudi odločitve nacionalnih sodišč v okviru tega pojma pri platformnem delu. Drugi zanimiv vpliv na prosto gibanje delavcev je imela pandemija Covid-19. Širjenje virusa je prineslo številne ukrepe za omejitev gibanja. Že od začetka vstopa virusa v evropski prostor se je postavilo vprašanje, kako bo to vplivalo na delavce migrante. Večina držav članic je vzpostavila splošno prepoved prehajanja državnih meja, pri tem pa kot izjeme navedla delavce migrante. Evropske institucije so sicer pozivale k ponovni vzpostavitvi prostega gibanja, vendar je iz smernic Evropske komisije mogoče razbrati, da so posebno pozornost namenili lažjemu prehodu delavcev čez mejne prehode. S takšnimi ukrepi se nam postavi vprašanje: »Ali je EU v svojem bistvu še zmeraj ekonomska integracija?« The concept of worker is a central concept both within the framework of the fundamental freedom of free movement of workers, which is one of the four freedoms of the EU internal market, as well as the rest of substantive labor law, but despite this, EU law does not provide a uniform definition. Due to the lack of definition, the case law of the EU Court has become a key source of interpretation of the concept of "worker". The EU Court sought the legal basis for the interpretation of the term worker in Article 45 of the TFEU on the free movement of workers. It made a landmark decision in the Lawrie Blum case, in which it created a three-step test on the basis of which the existence of an employment relationship within the meaning of Article 45 TFEU can be identified. The test covers three key criteria relating to economic activity, employer control and payment for work performed. Analyzing the case law within the individual criteria, we can quickly find out that the case law of the EU Court is also inconsistent, which causes additional ambiguity and confusion. It seems that the EU Court is torn between the protection of the fundamental freedom of the internal market and the fear of the member states that an additional social burden will be imposed on them. In recent years, the free movement of persons and the concept of a worker have been affected by digitization and the Covid-19 pandemic. The first impact brought many innovations, including the platform economy and new forms of work, crowdwork and on demand via app. Persons in these forms often perform work as independent contractors. As a result, the question of who corresponds to the term worker began to arise in this area as well. The EU Court has not yet decided on this issue, but it is expected that when it does, the criterion of effective and genuine work and the control of another will cause the most problems within the framework of the three-step test. The lack of an autonomous definition of the concept of worker in EU law is also indicated by the decisions of national courts in the context of the concept of worker in platform work. Another interesting impact on the free movement of workers was the Covid-19 pandemic. The spread of the virus has brought many measures to restrict movement. Ever since the virus entered Europe, the question of how it will affect migrant workers has been raised. Most member states have established a general ban on crossing national borders while adding migrant workers as exceptions. The European institutions did call for the restoration of free movement, but it can be seen from the guidelines of the European Commission that they paid special attention to the easier passage of workers across border crossings. Such measures raise the question: »Is the EU still essentially economic integration?« pravo EU notranji trg načelo prostega pretoka oseb prosto gibanje delavcev državljanstvo EU pojem delavca EU law internal market concept of worker the principle of free movement of persons free movement of workers EU citizenship true true false [T. Unger] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2022-09-19 11:44:44 2022-10-19 13:02:04 2022-10-20 03:21:44 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2022 0 Maribor 0 Maribor Sistemske zahteve: Acrobat reader 1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (72 str.)) 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 339.13.012.42:349.2(043.3) 126300675 MAG_Unger_Tea_2022.pdf MAG_Unger_Tea_2022.pdf 1 C61E18C28509BAB206C709EC89CA69E3 f9ba3f9cc79de8bc0cbc271a7c04a0fb740ad8c6b775ab877ebb4e3900307166 4cba973d-4289-11ed-b69a-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=163689 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0