20.500.12556/DKUM-84246 Od Konstantina k Arkadiju: zgodovina Vzhodnorimskega cesarstva in Konstantinopla v zgodnjem obdobju zgodovina Vzhodnorimskega cesarstva in Konstantinopla v zgodnjem obdobju From Constantine to Arcadius: history of the Eastern Roman Empire and Constantinople in its early period magistrsko delo Kriza rimskega cesarstva v 3. stoletju je omogočila vzpon Dioklecijana na položaj avgusta. Njegova najodmevnejša reforma je bila uvedba tako imenovane »tetrarhije«, razdelitve oblasti v rimskem cesarstvu med dva avgusta in dva cezarja. V bojih za njegovo nasledstvo je bil končni zmagovalec Konstantin Veliki. V bitki pri Milvijskem mostu je pod Kristusovim znamenjem porazil tekmeca Maksencija. Ko je premagal še drugega tekmeca, to je Licinija, je nasproti mesta bitke ustanovil mesto »Novi Rim«, ki je postalo prestolnica vzhodnega dela cesarstva in morda tudi nove vere ter se je najverjetneje po njegovi smrti preimenovala v Konstantinopel. Po Konstantinovi smrti 337. leta so si njegovi trije sinovi, Konstancij, Konstans in Konstantin II., razdelili ozemlje. Po seriji dinastičnih spopadov in državljanskih vojn je Konstancij ostal edini avgust. Za sovladarja na zahodu je izbral Julijana, poznanega po poznejšem vzdevku »Odpadnik«, ki je po spletu dogodkov in Konstancijevi nepričakovani smrti postal novi cesar. Ime Julijana pogosto povezujemo z zadnjim cesarskim poskusom obnovitve poganstva v cesarstvu. Na pohodu proti Perziji leta 363 je bil smrtno ranjen, na prestol pa se je nepričakovano povzpel Jovijan, poveljnik cesarske straže. Umrl je zgolj leto zatem in nasledila sta ga dva brata, Valentinijan na zahodu in Valens na vzhodu. Oba brata sta bila stroga državnika in dobra upravitelja, ki sta uspešno okrepila državno blagajno. Doba Gracijana in Valensa sovpada z enim najhujših porazov rimske vojske v zgodovini cesarstva. Gre za bitko pri Hadrianopoli, kjer so rimske čete pod vodstvom nespretnega Valensa, zdesetkali Goti pod Fritigernom. Gracijan je na položaj vzhodnega avgusta pametno imenoval vojaka iz današnje Španije, Teodozija. Vladavina Teodozija predstavlja čas stabilnosti, a ima tudi temno plat. Na široko je namreč odprl vrata »barbarom« v rimsko vojsko, predvsem vizigotski poglavarji so bili sedaj globoko vpleteni v politični proces rimske državne tvorbe. Konstantin je na mestu antičnega Bizanca ustanovil novo prestolnico. Mesto je bilo uradno odprto 11. maja 330. leta in je dolga stoletja cvetelo kot eno največjih mest na svetu. Konstantin je postavil velik forum, prostorno palačo in hipodrom. V središču je bil Avgustej. Naslednja velika faza gradbene dejavnosti Konstantinopla je potekala pod okriljem Teodozijeve dinastije. Teodozij je razen obnavljanja starejših zgradb prestolnico razširil proti zahodu in ji dodal tri nove forume. The crisis of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century enabled the rise of Diocletian to the position of Augustus. His most resounding reform was the so-called tetrarchy, the division of the Roman Empire between two Augustus and two Caesars. During the battles for his succession, Constantine the Great emerged victorious. In the battle of the Milvian Bridge, under the sign of Christ, he defeated his rival Maxentius. When he defeated another rival, Licinius, he founded the city of »New Rome«, on the opposite site of the battle, which became the capital of the eastern part of the empire and the new religion. After Constantine's death in 337, his three sons, Constantius, Constance, and Constantine II. divided the territory among themselves. After a series of dynastic conflicts and civil wars, Constantine came out as the only August. For August in the West, he chose Julian, known by his nickname “Apostate” who, after a web of events and Constantius' unexpected death, became the new emperor. The name Julian is often associated with the last imperial attempt to restore paganism in the empire. In the campaign against Persia in 363, he was mortally wounded, and Jovian, commander of the imperial guard, ascended the throne unexpectedly. He died only a year later and was succeeded by two brothers, Valentinian in the west and Valens in the east. Both brothers were strict statesmen and good stewards, successfully strengthening the state treasury. The era of Gratian and Valens coincides with one of the worst defeats of the Roman army in the history of the empire. It is the battle of Adrianople where Roman troops under the clumsy Valens, against the Goths under Fritigern, were decimated. In the position of eastern August, Gratian wisely appointed a general from present day Spain, Theodosius. The reign of Theodosius represents a time of stability, but it also has a dark side. During his reign the door was open wide for the “barbarians” to enter the Roman army, especially so for the Visigothic chiefs, so that they were now deeply involved in the political process of the Roman state. Constantine founded a new capital on the site of ancient Byzantium. The city was officially consecrated on May 11, 330, and has flourished for many centuries as one of the largest cities in the world. Constantine set up a large forum, a spacious palace and a hippodrome. In its centre was the Augustaion. The next major phase of Constantinople's construction activity took place under the auspices of the Theodosius dynasty. In addition to renovating older buildings, Theodosius expanded the capital to the west and added three new forums. Tetrarhija Vzhodnorimsko cesarstvo Konstantin Konstantinopel Teodozij Bizanc Tetrarchy Eastern Roman Empire Constantine Constantinople Theodosius Byzantium true true false [D. Verlak] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Bizantinsko cesarstvo; Do 527; Magistrsko delo/naloga 2023-05-08 16:20:36 2023-06-07 09:40:57 2025-03-18 08:55:05 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2023 0 Maribor 0 Maribor 1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (VIII, 93 str.)) 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 94(37)"03"(043.2) 154765571 MAG_Verlak_David_2023.pdf MAG_Verlak_David_2023.pdf 1 F745066FEFF683D6C3450E8772B3ED86 b012d68600a8f332652db3a0f4f4e4739cc05cd8807552e9ee00743239dafb98 2095dd3b-ee66-11ed-a0f8-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=167222 Filozofska fakulteta 0 0 0