20.500.12556/DKUM-84588 Korupcijska kazniva dejanja magistrsko delo Corruption offences V slovenski kazenskopravni ureditvi pojem korupcije zajema deset korupcijskih kaznivih dejanj. Inkriminacije slednjih so v Kazenskem zakoniku sistematično umeščene v poglavja volilnih kaznivih dejanj, gospodarskih kaznivih dejanj in kaznivih dejanj zoper uradno dolžnost. Korupcijska kazniva dejanja praviloma potekajo med dvema osebama, ki se ne čutita žrtvi v kazenskopravnem pomenu besede in nista pripravljeni sodelovati z organi odkrivanja in pregona, saj je inkriminirano dejanje obeh udeležencev. Zaradi navedenega in dejstva, da obstaja med udeležencema najvišja stopnja diskretnosti, uvrščamo korupcijska kazniva dejanja med ena (naj)težje dokazljivih kaznivih dejanj. Že vse od leta 2012 Slovenija na Indeksu zaznave korupcije Transparency International ne beleži napredka. Celo več, Slovenija je v zadnjih desetih letih na Indeksu zaznave korupcije Transparency International nazadovala za skupno pet točk in tako na Indeksu zaznave korupcije Transparency International za leto 2022 dosegla svoj zgodovinsko najnižji rezultat, in sicer se je z oceno 56/100 uvrstila na 41. mesto. Ta podatek odraža počasen napredek z reformami in odsotnost ukrepov, s katerimi bi se že obstoječa pravila udejanjila v praksi. Slovenija bi lahko obstoječe zaskrbljujoče stanje korupcije izboljšala s prizadevanjem, da postane Komisija za preprečevanje korupcije bolj učinkovita, kar bi lahko dosegla na način, da bi s strani Komisije za preprečevanje korupcije ugotovljene kršitve integritete pridobile vse več potrditev s strani sodišč; z novelacijo oziroma prenovo Zakona o integriteti in preprečevanju korupcije, s katero bi se vpeljale primerne sankcije za potrjene kršitve, med drugim tudi integritete, in sankcije za neodzivnost na priporočila, izdana s strani Komisije za preprečevanje korupcije; s prenovo Resolucije o preprečevanju korupcije v Republiki Sloveniji, v okviru katere bi lahko vsakokratne predvolilne obljube politike preoblikovali v prakso; z uvedbo obrnjenega dokaznega bremena pri dokazovanju premoženjske koristi, čigar smisel je v tem, da osumljeni izgubi svoje premoženje, v kolikor ne more dokazati, da ga je pridobil zakonito in tako plačal vse obveznosti državi, ter s sprejemom presumpcije oziroma domneve, da premoženje osumljene osebe vselej izvira iz kaznivih dejanj, v kolikor ne ustreza njegovim legalnim dohodkom. Analiza ukrepov za preprečevanje korupcije je pokazala, da so pri preprečevanju pojava korupcije bolj učinkoviti preventivni ukrepi, ki za razliko od represivnih ukrepov v družbi ustvarjajo takšne razmere, v katerih se korupcija sploh ne more razviti, in na ta način vodijo do odprave celotnega pojava korupcije in ne zgolj do odprave posameznih posledic pojava korupcije, do katerih vodijo represivni ukrepi. Na področju preventivnega delovanja oziroma preventivnih ukrepov za preprečevanje korupcije ima ključno vlogo Konvencija Združenih narodov proti korupciji, ki podpisnicam nalaga vzpostavitev raznovrstnih preventivnih ukrepov. Sama narava korupcijskih kaznivih dejanj, ki vključuje izvršitev na štiri oči ter odsotnost neposrednih dokazov, pa omogoča, ob upoštevanju, da je predhodno odobrena s strani pravosodnih organov, tudi uporabo posebnih metod in sredstev oziroma represivnih ukrepov, in sicer prikritih preiskovalnih ukrepov skladno z določbo 150. člena Zakona o kazenskem postopku ter ukrepa navideznega odkupa, navideznega sprejemanja oziroma dajanja daril ali navideznega jemanja oziroma dajanja podkupnine skladno z določbo 155. člena Zakona o kazenskem postopku, pri čemer lahko slednji pod določenimi pogoji privede do t. i. policijske provokacije, ki je prepovedana. Analiza nabave zaščitne opreme, potrebne pri obvladovanju nalezljive bolezni covida-19, s strani Zavoda Republike Slovenije za blagovne rezerve, drugih subjektov javnega sektorja, izbranih občin in javnih zdravstvenih zavodov je pokazala, da so bila ugotovljena korupcijska tveganja v prav vseh fazah javnega naročanja. In Slovenian criminal law, the concept of corruption covers ten corruption crimes. Incriminations of the latter are systematically placed in the Criminal Code in the chapters of electoral crimes, economic crimes and crimes against official duty. As a rule, criminal acts of corruption take place between two people who do not consider themselves victims in the criminal justice sense and are not ready to cooperate with detection and law enforcement authorities, as the act of both participants is incriminated. Due to the above and the fact that there is the highest level of discretion between the participants, we classify corruption crimes as one of the (most) difficult crimes to prove. Ever since 2012, Slovenia has recorded no progress on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index. Even more, in the last ten years, Slovenia has fallen by a total of five points on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, thus achieving its historically lowest score on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2022, namely ranking 41st with a score of 56/100. This figure reflects the slow progress with reforms and the absence of measures to put the already existing rules into practice. Slovenia could improve the current worrying state of corruption by striving to make the Commission for the Prevention of Corruption more efficient, which it could achieve in such a way that the violations of integrity identified by the Commission for the Prevention of Corruption would be increasingly confirmed by the courts; by amending or revising the Act on Integrity and Prevention of Corruption, which would introduce appropriate sanctions for confirmed violations, including those of integrity, and sanctions for non-responsiveness to recommendations issued by the Commission for the Prevention of Corruption; by revising the Resolution on the Prevention of Corruption in the Republic of Slovenia, under which politicians' pre-election promises could be put into practice; by introducing a reversed burden of proof when proving material gain, the point of which is that the suspect loses his property, if he is unable to prove that he has obtained it legally and thus paid all obligations to the state, and by accepting the presumption or assumption that the suspect's property always originates from criminal acts, to the extent that it does not correspond to his legal income. The analysis of anti-corruption measures has shown that preventive measures are more effective in preventing the corruption, which, unlike repressive measures, create conditions in society in which corruption cannot develop at all, and leading to the elimination of the entire phenomenon of corruption and not merely to the elimination of the individual consequences of the phenomenon of corruption, to which repressive measures lead. In the field of preventive action or preventive measures to prevent corruption, the United Nations Convention against Corruption plays a key role, which requires signatories to establish various preventive measures. The very nature of corruption crimes, which includes face-to-face execution and the absence of direct evidence, allows, taking into account that it is previously approved by the judicial authorities, also the use of special methods and means or repressive measures, namely covert investigative measures in accordance with the Article 150 of the Criminal Procedure Act and the measure of apparent redemption, apparent acceptance or giving of gifts or apparent taking or giving of bribes in accordance with the Article 155 of the Criminal Procedure Act, whereby the latter may under certain conditions lead to the so-called police provocation, which is prohibited. The analysis of the procurement of protective equipment needed to control the infectious disease covid-19 showed that corruption risks were identified in all phases of public procurement. Kazensko pravo kaznivo dejanje korupcija podkupovanje Komisija za preprečevanje korupcije Transparency International Slovenia prikriti preiskovalni ukrepi policijska provokacija konfiskacija premoženjske koristi. Criminal law criminal offence corruption bribery Commission for the Prevention of Corruption Transparency International Slovenia covert investigative measures police provocation confiscation of property benefits. true true false L. Fedran Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2023-06-25 10:48:08 2023-10-17 11:01:54 2023-10-18 03:07:58 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2023 0 Maribor 0 Maribor Sistemske zahteve: Acrobat reader 1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (105 str.)) 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 343.352(043.3) 168721667 MAG_Fedran_Laura_2023.pdf MAG_Fedran_Laura_2023.pdf 1 C754923B959D702B55DC2D21E0EBCD3C bf6c56ab1e47044fd0ac6e2b698474f013cf13f9a825885744157eae70d513ac 2846155b-52d5-11ee-a747-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=172195 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0