20.500.12556/DKUM-85726 Pravni standardi medijske svobode v eu pred in po aktu o svobodi medijev magistrsko delo Legal standards of media freedom in the eu before and after the media freedom act Medijska svoboda je ključna za demokratično družbo, pravno državo in za izvrševanje ostalih temeljnih pravic. Mediji imajo vlogo “javnega čuvaja”, saj nadzirajo oblast in so prav zato pogosto deležni različnih posegov ter (poskusov) omejevanja njihovega svobodnega delovanja z namenom omajati njihovo neodvisno poročanje o zadevah javnega interesa. Prav tako so deležni poskusov pritegnitve naklonjenosti z dodeljevanjem državnih sredstev. Prav tako lahko na njihovo svobodo vplivajo drugi viri moči, predvsem gospodarski. Hkrati je na njihovo finančno vzdržnost močno vplival prihod zelo velikih spletnih platform, ki so nase preusmerile velik del oglaševalskih sredstev (kar je pa ključen finančni vir za medijske sektor). Finančna nevzdržnost pa povzroča dodatno ranljivost medijev pred državnimi in tržnimi vplivi. Posebej gre izpostaviti neupravičeno vplivanje in pritisk na javne medije s prekomernim ali nezadostnim financiranjem ali pristranskim imenovanjem uprave javnih medijev. Vse navedeno in pomanjkljiv zakonodajni okvir, ki ne zagotavlja zadostnih pravnih standardov medijske svobode, kaže na nujo po zaščiti svobode medijev. Že od devetdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja se je zvrstilo mnogo pozivov k okrepitvi medijske svobode v EU. Številni izzivi medijskega sektorja in posegi v demokracijo ter pravno državo v nekaterih državah članicah v zadnjih letih so v letu 2020 končno prebudili pogum Komisije, da si je zadala za cilj zaščiti medijsko svobodo s konkretnejšimi zakonodajnimi pobudami. Najpomembnejši korak predstavlja sprejetje predloga Akta o svobodi medijev, ki uvaja vrsto varovalk za integracijo notranjega medijskega trga in krepitev svobode ter pluralnosti medijev. Konkretneje, Akt o svobodi medijev prinaša sveženj zaščitnih pravil, ki se dotikajo uredniške neodvisnosti, zaščite novinarskih virov in komunikacij, javnih medijev, koncentracij na medijskem trgu in transparentnosti lastništva medijev, dodeljevanja državnih oglaševalskih sredstev, odnosa med mediji in zelo velikimi spletnimi platformami in pravic prejemnikov medijskih storitev. Hkrati se z Aktom o svobodi medijev ustanovi Evropski odbor za medijske storitve, ki bo nadomesti skupino ERGA. Glede na to, da ima EU na področju kulture (kamor se uvršča tudi medije) zgolj podporne pristojnosti in upoštevajoč dolgo tradicijo upiranja držav članic regulaciji medijskega področja na ravni EU, je Komisija morala postopati previdno in kot pravno podlago izbrati člen 114 PDEU (t.i. klavzula o notranjem trgu). Zato zaščita svobode in pluralnosti medijev v Aktu o svobodi medijev ni neposredna, temveč je “v preobleki notranjega trga”. Akt o svobodi medijev zato tudi pogosto uvaja “mehke” ukrepe, spodbuja samoregulacijo, vpeljuje široke in nepojasnjene pojme in mestoma spominja na določbe direktive. Vse navedeno postavlja pod vprašaj učinkovitost ukrepov Akta o svobodi medijev za zadostno zaščito svobode in pluralnosti medijev. Po analizi določb Akta o svobodi medijev in primerjavi le-teh z dosedanjimi pravnimi standardi medijske svobode je mogoče ugotoviti, da Akt o svobodi medijev predstavlja pomemben korak naprej za krepitev pravnih standardov medijske svobode, vendar slednji niso zadostni za temeljito zaščito medijske svobode, zlasti v državah članicah, ki jim je najmanj v interesu zaščititi svobodo medijev. Akt o svobodi medijev bi potreboval še veliko dopolnitev, da bi uspel zadovoljivo zaščiti medijsko svobodo v EU. Vendar je glede na trenutno delitev pristojnosti med EU in državami članicami vprašljivo, kako daleč lahko EU (še sploh) poseže. Media freedom is vital for a democratic society, the rule of law, and the exercise of other fundamental rights. The media plays the role of a "public watchdog" as they monitor authorities and are therefore often subject to various interventions and attempts to restrict their activities with the aim of undermining their independent reporting on matters of public interest. At the same time, they are subjected to attempts of bribery through the allocation of state funds. Furthermore, their freedom can be influenced by other sources of power, especially economic ones. Additionally, their financial sustainability has been significantly affected by the rise of very large online platforms that have redirected a significant portion of advertising revenue (which is a key financial source for the media sector). Financial unsustainability of the media leads to additional vulnerability to state and market influences. It is essential to highlight the undue interference and pressure on the public media through excessive or inadequate funding or biased appointments to public media management. The aforementioned and a deficient legislative framework that does not provide sufficient legal standards for media freedom highlight the need for protecting media freedom. From the 1990s onward, there have been numerous calls for strengthening media freedom in the EU. Interventions in democracy and the rule of law in some member states in recent years finally spurred the Commission in 2020 to take concrete legislative initiatives aimed at safeguarding media freedom. The most significant step is the Media Freedom Act adopted in September 2022, introducing a range of safeguards for the integration of the internal media market and the strengthening of media freedom and pluralism. The Media Freedom Act introduces a package of protective rules concerning editorial independence, protection of journalistic sources and communications, public media, concentration in the media market, transparency of media ownership, allocation of state advertising funds, the relationship between media and very large online platforms, and the rights of recipients of media services. Moreover, the Media Freedom Act establishes the European board for media services, replacing the ERGA group. Since the EU has only supportive competencies in the field of culture (including the media) and due to a long tradition of resistance by member states to regulate the media sector at the EU level, the Commission had to proceed cautiously and chose Article 114 TFEU (the internal market clause) as the legal basis. Therefore, the protection of media freedom and pluralism in the Media Freedom Act is not direct but in the "guise of the internal market." The Media Freedom Act often introduces "soft" measures, promotes self-regulation, introduces broad and unexplained concepts, and sometimes resembles directive provisions. This raises questions about the effectiveness of the measures in the Media Freedom Act for adequately protecting media freedom and pluralism. After analysing the provisions of the Media Freedom Act and comparing them with the existing legal standards of media freedom, it can be concluded that the Media Freedom Act represents a valuable step forward in strengthening the legal standards of media freedom. However, they are insufficient for a thorough protection of media freedom, especially in member states that are less inclined towards the protection of media freedom. The Media Freedom Act would need many amendments to satisfactorily protect media freedom in the EU. However, given the current division of competencies between the EU and member states, it is questionable how far the EU can legally intervene. uredniška neodvisnost mediji transparentnost lastništva medijev Evropski odbor za medijske storitve koncentracija na medijskem trgu državno oglaševanje demokracija pluralnost medijev zaščita novinarskih virov zelo velike spletne platforme editorial independence media media ownership transparency European board for media services media market concentration state advertising democracy media pluralism protection of journalistic sources very large online platforms true true false I. Beširević Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2023-09-07 14:45:47 2023-10-18 09:03:53 2023-10-19 03:10:24 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2023 0 Maribor 0 Maribor 1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (VII, 73 str.)) 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 342.732:351.751(043.3) 168853507 MAG_Besirevic_Iza_2023.pdf MAG_Besirevic_Iza_2023.pdf 1 07967BB59208773B91EA3C41D5D6FC0A 64ff7bb7d10b2bf65398a63f4517efec53deb1ae0e0fb5cb7225b126d4e5a1d1 a704f3d8-5cc2-11ee-972e-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=173040 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0