20.500.12556/DKUM-91371 Life cycle assessment (LCA) of the impact on the environment of a cosmetic cream with gold nanoparticles and hydroxylated fullerene ingredients This review provides a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a cosmetic cream to assess the environmental impacts throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal, using the methodology according to international standards. The LCA was performed using the OpenLCA 2.0.1 software, with data from the Ecoinvent 3.8 database and relevant literature. The assessment focused on multiple impact categories, including climate change, acidification, eutrophication (freshwater, marine and terrestrial), ecotoxicity (freshwater), human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer), ionizing radiation, land use, ozone depletion, photochemical ozone formation, resource use (fossils, minerals and metals), and water use. The LCA of a cosmetic cream containing gold nanoparticles revealed significant environmental impacts across critical categories. The total climate change potential was 2596.95 kg CO2 eq., driven primarily by nanoparticle synthesis (60.7%) and electricity use (31.9%). Eutrophication of freshwater had the highest normalized result (3.000), with nanoparticle synthesis contributing heavily, indicating the need for improved wastewater treatment. The resource use (minerals and metals) scored 1.856, while the freshwater ecotoxicity reached 80,317.23 CTUe, both driven by the nanoparticle production. The human toxicity potentials were 1.39 × 10−6 CTUh (cancer) and 7.45 × 10−5 CTUh (non-cancer), linked to emissions from synthesis and energy use. The LCA of the cosmetic cream revealed several critical areas of environmental impact. The most significant impacts are associated with gold nanoparticle synthesis and electricity use. Addressing these impacts through optimized synthesis processes, improved energy efficiency, and alternative materials can enhance the product’s sustainability profile significantly. life cycle assessment cosmetic cream environmental impacts gold nanoparticles ocena življenjskega cikla kozmetične kreme vpliv na okolje zlati nanodelci true true true MDPI Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11625 Članek v reviji 2024-12-17 10:19:12 2024-12-17 10:19:16 2025-02-04 14:11:08 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2024 0 0 204str. iss. 24, [article no.] 11625 Vol. 14 Dec. 2024 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno apc 2024-12-05 2024-12-10 2024-12-12 620.3 219369219 10.3390/app142411625 2076-3417 applsci-14-11625-v2.pdf applsci-14-11625-v2.pdf 1 3E226C618529CE2D8B8C0578FD5FC156 226419494c09d6adf87fb12f6ab6cfae31fb4e3c4cf31656d25b4556ed077638 4e5499b2-bc58-11ef-a800-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=187394 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11625 0 5a074a02-bc58-11ef-a800-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=187395 Fakulteta za strojništvo 0 0 0