20.500.12556/DKUM-91670 Preprečevanje ekstremizma na Zahodnem Balkanu – vsedružbeni pristop ob podpori regionalnega sodelovanja doktorska disertacija Prevention of extremism in the western balkans – the whole of society approach supported by regional cooperation Ekstremizem je pojav, ki živi in se razvija v okviru procesa radikalizacije. Radikalizacija, ki ima dvojno naravo, lahko pomeni odmik od trenutnih vedenjskih vzorcev in je lahko vir sprememb ter razvoja a žal, zaradi nasprotovanja vrednotam, ki jih podpira večina v družbi, lahko vodi tudi v različne oblike nasilnega vedenja (psihičnega, fizičnega, verbalnega in vse do izvajanja kaznivih ravnanj). V empiričnem delu doktorske disertacije smo, ob uporabi neeksperimentalne metode raziskovanja, na območju osmih držav regije Zahodni Balkan, izvedli anketo s področja preprečevanja in odvračanja od radikalizacije, vključujoč tako poučene deležnike vladne strani, na državni in lokalni ravni kot tudi nevladne strani, vključno s civilno družbo. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 408 respondentov, iz te regije, ki so samoocenili svoje kompetence za odkrivanje in preprečevanje radikalizacije in nasilnega ekstremizma, potrdili pojavne oblike ekstremizmov ter dejavnike za nastanek le-teh, razširjenost ter stopnjo nevarnosti, ki jo posamezna oblika nasilnega ekstremizma predstavlja za družbo. Analiza je odkrila versko podprti ekstremizem, ekstremizem vezan na nacionalnost ter levi in desni ekstremizem, kot izstopajoče oblike ekstrmizma v regiji. Kot najpomembnejši manjkajoči element je bilo identificirano aktivno sodelovanje deležnikov javne uprave in deležnikov nevladne strani, vključno s civilno družbo, na lokalni ravni. Glede na to, da družba s splošno preventivo ne uspe popolnoma preprečiti nastanka radikalizacije, ki vodi v ekstremizem, morajo predvsem agencije javne uprave, s tesnim medagencijskem sodelovanjem, zagotoviti potrebne temelje za vsedružbeni odziv, katerega gonilo je medgagencijsko sodelovanje. Cilj zgodnjega odzivanja je izključevanje radikaliziranega posameznika ali skupine iz procesa radikalizacije in vplivanje na dejavnike radikalizacije ter na sprožilce, ki posameznika ali skupino usmerijo na to pot. Pristojni organi v državah Zahodnega Balkana so bili deležni številnih usposabljanj in ozaveščanj ter imajo dostop do knjižnice strokovnega znanja in dobrih praks, pri Evropski komisiji. Države so, pod pritiski mednarodne javnosti, poskrbele tudi za politično podporo na nacionalni ravni, vsaj za navidezno, ki je potrebna že zaradi pozitivnih poročil Evropske komisije o napredku v okviru poglavij 23 in 24 pri približevanju Evropski uniji. Dejanska politična in finačna podpora žal ni na pričakovani ravni, prav v nobeni državi regije Zahodni Balkan, žal tudi ne v nobeni državi članici EU, ki mejijo na regijo in bi morale dajati bodočim članicam Evropske unije dober zgled. Veliko tveganje predstavlja odsotnost koordiniranih mehanizmov za obravnavo in odvračanje od nasilnega ekstremizma na lokalni ravni, ki potrebujejo za učinkovito delovanje, jasno določene naloge, pristojnosti, odgovornost in finančna sredstva. Regionalno sodelovanje in obstoječi regionalni mehanizmi lahko služijo v veliko oporo pri vzpostavljanju in delovanju takšnih mehanizmov. Države regije Zahodni Balkan se, v odsotnosti vsedružbenega pristopa, ki bi temeljil na medagencijskem sodelovanju na nacionalni ter lokalni ravni, kot stabilni gonilni sili mehanizma, odzivajo na radikalizacijo in ekstremizem stihijsko ter neučinkovito – v stilu brezzobih tigrov, v vlogi čuvajev demokracije, ki naj bi prispevali k tolerantnosti, odpornosti in varnosti družb. Bohotenje ekstremizmov, netolerantnosti in polarizacije na globalni ravni ter ekstremna retorika na politični ravni, zagotovo ne bodo prispevali k zmanjšanju tveganj, ki jo za trhlo varnost regije Zahodni Balkan prepletno s številnimi nerešenimi vpršanji, predstavljajo obstoječe oblike ekstremizma oziroma nevarna kombinacija le-teh. Extremism is a phenomenon that lives and develops within the framework of the radicalization process. Radicalization, which has a dual nature, can mean a departure from current behavioral patterns and can be a source of change and development, but unfortunately, due to opposition to the values supported by the majority in society, it can lead to various forms of violent behavior (psychological, physical, verbal and even criminal acts). In the empirical part of the doctoral dissertation, using a non-experimental research method, we conducted a survey in the field of prevention and deterrence of radicalization in eight countries of the Western Balkans, involving educated stakeholders from the government side, at the state and local levels, as well as non-governmental parties, including civil society. The survey involved 408 respondents from the the region, who self-assessed their competences in detecting and preventing radicalization and violent extremism, identified the manifestations of extremism and the factors that lead to its emergence, the prevalence of individual extremisms, and the level of danger that each form of violent extremism poses to society. The analysis identzified religious extremism, nationalist extremism, left-wing and right-wing extremism as forms of extremism standing out. An active participation of public administration stakeholders and non-governmental stakeholders, including civil society, at the local level, was identified as the most important missing element. Given that society cannot completely prevent the occurrence of radicalization leading to extremism through general prevention, public administration agencies in particular must, through close interagency cooperation, provide the necessary foundations for a whole-of-society response, the driver of which is interagency cooperation. The aim of early response is to exclude a radicalized individual or group from the radicalization process and to influence the factors of radicalization and the triggers that direct an individual or group onto this path. The competent authorities in the Western Balkan countries have received numerous trainings and awareness-raising events and have access to the European Commission's library of expertise and good practices. Expert support has been well provided, with substantial support from international and regional cooperation. Under pressure from the international community, the countries have also provided political support at the national level, at least nominally, which is already necessary due to the positive reports of the European Commission on progress under Chapters 23 and 24 in accession process to the European Union. Unfortunately, actual political and financial support is not at the expected level neither in any country in the Western Balkans region nor in any EU Member State that borders the region and that should set a good example for future members of the European Union. A major risk is the absence of coordinated mechanisms for preventing and countering violent extremism at the local level, which requires clearly defined tasks, competencies, responsibilities and financial resources to operate effectively. Regional cooperation and existing regional mechanisms can serve as a great support in the establishment and functioning of such mechanisms. In the absence of a whole-of-society approach based on interagency cooperation at the national and local levels as a stable driving force of the mechanism, the countries of the Western Balkans region respond to radicalization and extremism haphazardly and ineffectively – in the style of toothless tigers, in the role of guardians of democracy, which are supposed to contribute to tolerance, resilience and security of societies. The rampant extremism, intolerance and polarization at the global level, and extreme rhetoric at the political level, will certainly not contribute to reducing the risks that extremism pose to the fragile security of the Western Balkans. slv ekstremizem radikalizacija preprečevanje regionalno sodelovanje medagencijsko sodelovanje Zahodni Balkan doktorske disertacije extremism radicalisation whole-of-society approach interagency cooperation regional cooperation. true true false R. Kozmelj Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Doktorsko delo/naloga 2025-01-25 14:29:05 2026-06-15 15:03:41 2026-06-16 03:09:03 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 Ljubljana 2026 Ljubljana XII, 214 str. 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 329:355.02(497)(043.3) 281680643 DOK_Kozmelj_Rajko_2025.pdf DOK_Kozmelj_Rajko_2025.pdf 1 DCE01E21EF3E8D152C94AEED9B1489D0 edb65cdb692b32a56e8cd76db79504abb9506c5ad43035bfe4120815ace9c524 ffd2f838-6312-11f1-9b00-00155d580e34 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=206845 Fakulteta za varnostne vede 0 0 0