20.500.12556/DKUM-91987 Enhancing utilization of municipal solid waste bottom ash by the stabilization of heavy metals Waste-to-energy (WtE) is a key part of modern waste management. In the European Union, approximately 500 WtE plants process more than 100 million tons of waste yearly, while globally, more than 2700 plants handle over 500 million tons. Roughly 20% of the waste processed is bottom ash (BA). However, this ash can contain heavy metals in concentrations that may render it hazardous. This paper presents a study focusing on stabilizing municipal solid waste incineration BA using simple and industrially viable treatments. The Slovenian WtE plant operator wishes to install the stabilization process; thus, the samples obtained from the plant were treated (1) with a CO2 gas flow, (2) with water spraying, and (3) with a combination of water spraying and a CO2 gas flow under laboratory conditions. Thermodynamic calculations were applied to define potential reactions during the treatment processes in the temperature range from 0 to 100 ◦C and to define the equilibrium composition of the treated ash with additions of CO2 and water. The standard leaching test EN 12457-4 of treated ash shows a reduction of over 40% in barium concentration and over 30% in lead concentration in leachates. heavy metals waste-to-energy bottom ash leachate reuse težke kovine energijska izraba odpadkov pepel z rešetk izcedne vode ponovna uporaba true false true MDPI Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/3/1078 Članek v reviji 2025-03-10 12:55:05 2025-03-10 12:55:05 2025-03-11 03:12:00 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 str. 1-19 iss. 3, [article no.] 1078 Vol. 17 Jan. 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2025-01-17 2025-01-26 2025-01-28 628.477.7:502/504 227163651 10.3390/su17031078 2071-1050 sustainability-17-01078-v2_(1).pdf sustainability-17-01078-v2_(1).pdf 1 4ADCEDF8843B9FFD873BF9D78F1403E9 0f4e430029774f3b00663f6998e2f5fbb028cb855fa9aac7d06b5b7ba0fad4f4 2316face-fda8-11ef-b09f-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=189099 https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/3/1078 0 28d20cd4-fda8-11ef-b09f-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=189100 Fakulteta za strojništvo 0 0 0