20.500.12556/DKUM-92031 Euler–Euler numerical model for transport phenomena modeling in a natural circulation loop operated by nanofluids This paper explores a computational approach to model multiphase heat transfer and fuid fow in a natural circulation loop utilizing nanofuids. We propose and implement an Euler–Euler framework in a CFD environment, incorporating an innovative boundary condition to preserve mass conservation during thermophoretic particle fux. The model’s accuracy is verifed through a one-dimensional example, by comparing results against both an Euler–Lagrange model and an in-house fnite volume solution. Experimental validation is conducted with aluminum oxide nanofuids at varying nanoparticle concentrations. We prepared the nanofuids and measured their thermophysical properties up to 60◦C. We assess the thermal performance of the nanofuid in natural circulation loop at diferent heating powers via experiment and numerical simulations. The fndings reveal that the heat transfer enhancement ofered by the nanofuid is modest, with minimal diferences observed between the proposed Euler–Euler approach and a simpler single-phase model. The results underscore that while the Euler–Euler model ofers detailed particle–fuid interactions, its practical thermal advantage is limited in this context. CFD · Euler–Euler multiphase fow nanofluid natural circulation loop thermophoresis termoforeza nanotekočine večfazni tok true false true Springer Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://link.springer.com/journal/10765 © The Author(s) 2025 Članek v reviji 2025-03-12 12:11:32 2025-03-12 12:11:32 2026-01-08 12:44:11 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 28 str. Vol. 46 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2024-11-19 2024-12-21 2025-02-08 620.3 228707843 10.1007/s10765-024-03497-y 1572-9567 s10765-024-03497-y.pdf s10765-024-03497-y.pdf 1 6465228F3F79C3D429854DDA4AC3A3CE 8efc80bb2b5b08352e04e9df5966a186ed80d83edf724a852d9f024688aa04ca 79c615f1-ff33-11ef-9eb9-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=189201 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10765-024-03497-y 0 594ee89c-ec87-11f0-a4e9-00155d580e02 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=201835 Fakulteta za strojništvo 0 0 0