20.500.12556/DKUM-92455 Improving lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic biomass characteristics through torrefaction process In this study, three locally available biomasses, namely miscanthus, hops, sewage sludge, and additionally, their mixtures, were subjected to the torrefaction process to improve their fuel properties. The torrefaction process was conducted at 250–350 ◦C and 10–60 min in a nitrogen (N2) environment. The torrefaction temperature and time were studied to evaluate the selected biomass materials; furthermore, heating values, mass and energy yields, enhancement factors, torrefaction severity indexes (TSI), and energy-mass co-benefit indexes (EMCI) were calculated. In addition, thermogravimetric (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared analyses (FTIR) were performed to characterize raw and torrefied biomass under the most stringent conditions (350 ◦C and 60 min). The results showed that with increasing torrefaction temperature and duration, mass and energy yields decreased, and heating values (HHVs) increased for all studied biomasses. The results of the TSI and EMCI indexes showed that the optimum torrefaction conditions were as follows: 260 ◦C and 10 min for pure miscanthus and hops, whilst this could not be confirmed for the sewage sludge. Furthermore, the combination of sewage sludge and the above-mentioned types of lignocellulosic biomass exhibited better fuel properties than sewage sludge alone. lignocellulosic biomass sewage sludge torrefication thermogravimetry TSI lignocelulozna biomasa blato iz čistilnih naprav torefikacija termogravimetrija true false true MDPI AG Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci © 2022 by the authors Članek v reviji 2025-04-10 08:35:00 2025-04-10 08:35:00 2025-04-11 03:14:11 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2022 0 0 18 str. iss. 23 Vol. 12 Nov. 2022 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2022-10-20 2022-11-27 2022-11-29 628.3 131484163 10.3390/app122312210 2076-3417 applsci-12-12210.pdf applsci-12-12210.pdf 1 2F63CB0C1F8C671F4FC63C31F8E41B7B 2a9075b1337dd33b48098d6e446f70fa6298bba14f8508cc6f9d1d57bdef39b5 5dd8bc49-15d6-11f0-980a-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=190167 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/23/12210 1 ee6ced25-15d5-11f0-980a-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=190166 Fakulteta za kemijo in kemijsko tehnologijo 0 0 0