20.500.12556/DKUM-93485 Platformization in Tourism Typology of Business Models, Evolution of Market Concentration and European Regulation Responses The paper serves to discuss the evolution of platform business models in tourism, the dynamics of market concentration, and regulatory interventions. We present the historical timeline of digitalization in tourism distribution models, starting from the Global Distribution Systems (GDS), and continuing with Online Travel Agencies (OTAs) and their market concentration in the duopoly of Expedia Group versus Booking Holdings Group. We continue to discuss the slow, yet uncertain, breaking of the global duopoly in the travel platforms market. On the one hand, the duopoly is challenged from the “bottom up”, where Airbnb is the most successful example, riding on the wave of popularity of the ideals of the “sharing economy” and the aftermaths of the 2008 global financial crisis. On the other hand, the duopoly is challenged from the “top down”—the most powerful digital players have started to extend their operations to tourism. The second section of the paper identifies three current areas of platformization in tourism operations—distribution, promotion and HRM. We analyze available industry and public statistics indicators in Europe for each of the three dimensions. Finally, we discuss the regulatory responses to the market concentration of travel distribution platforms. Although the challenge of market concentration is a global issue, and the threats are the same in many countries, we limit the discussion of regulation to the European context. In conclusion we discuss the possibilities of future development, and point to the threat of the further acceleration and interconnection of platformization and market concentration in the travel business. travel platforms market concentration regulation online travel agencies Global Distribution Systems Expedia Booking.com Airbnb Tripadvisor Google Travel algorithmic management potovalne aplikacije ureditev koncentracije trga spletne potovalne agencije globalni distribucijski sistemi Expedia Booking.com Airbnb Tripadvisor Google Travel upravljanje z algoritmi true false true MDPI Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Znanstveno delo 2025-06-28 03:08:37 2025-10-14 12:32:46 2025-11-03 15:15:03 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Str. 1-19 št. 1, št. članka 1 Letn. 3 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2024-10-31 2025-01-03 2025-01-08 338.48 221985795 10.3390/platforms3010001 2813-4176 Turnsek_2024_Platformization_in_Tourism.pdf Turnsek_2024_Platformization_in_Tourism.pdf 1 ECA5C585291E3600B09B01E97F545639 70cff9dc715671ea38ee57bc924a2a3f9205bd0dc3aa96d723f1bf1336129dec cbb233d0-a8e8-11f0-97dd-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=199838 https://doi.org/10.3390/platforms3010001 0 f7e275cd-a8e8-11f0-97dd-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=199839 Fakulteta za turizem 0 0 0