20.500.12556/DKUM-95446 Aktivna legitimacija neoškodovanih držav pred Meddržavnim sodiščem v Haagu magistrsko delo Standing of non-injured states before the International Court of Justice Magistrsko delo se osredotoča na možnost pristopa neoškodovane države pred Sodišče ter obravnava vprašanje aktivne legitimacije držav v mednarodnem pravu. Tema je še posebej pomembna v sodobnem kontekstu, saj smo pogosto priča hudim, sistematičnim kršitvam določb mednarodnega prava, vključno z zločini, ki ogrožajo temeljne človekove pravice in svoboščine ter posledično temelje, ki jih je zgradila materija mednarodnega prava skozi razvoj civilizacije. Že v obdobju rimskega prava je obstajala praksa uveljavljanja skupnega interesa širše skupnosti s tožbo, imenovano, actio popularis. Čeprav v rimskem pravu ni šlo za meddržavne spore, ta koncept že od nekdaj odraža zavest o potrebi po varovanju skupnih interesov (nekdaj zgolj posameznikov, danes tudi držav). Danes se v mednarodnem pravu uporabljajo podobni pristopi na državni ravni, s pomočjo katerih lahko ena država zahteva ugotovitev odgovornosti domnevne države kršiteljice, tudi, če tožnica sama neposredno ni utrpela nobene škode. V takšnih primerih gre za uveljavljanje kolektivnega interesa celotne skupnosti držav na podlagi obveznosti erga omnes oz. erga omnes partes. Skozi magistrsko delo so analizirane zadeve iz sodne prakse Sodišča, ki ilustrirajo uveljavljanje aktivne legitimacije neoškodovanih držav. Med njimi izstopata krovni zadevi Barcelona Traction in Belgium v Senegal, preko katerih so zgrajeni temelji pravici neoškodovanih držav do pristopa pred Sodišče, v imenu kolektivnega interesa mednarodne skupnosti. Velik odziv teoretikov sta sprožili tudi nedavni zadevi Gambia v Myanmar, v kateri je Sodišče neoškodovani Gamiji priznalo ius standi za uveljavljanje odgovornosti Mjanmarja za domnevne zločine, ter zadevi South Africa v Israel, v kateri je Južna Afrika prevzela pobudo za vložitev tožbe zaradi domnevnega genocida nad palestinskim prebivalstvom. Ti primeri poudarjajo pomembnost, da se vsaki državi zagotovi možnost zahtevati prenehanje kršitev in sankcioniranje odgovornih držav, saj gre pogosto za najtežje mednarodne zločine, pri kršitvi katerih bi neukrepanje in ignoranca lahko ogrozila stabilnost mednarodnih odnosov in svetovnega miru. Kljub pomembnosti varovanja temeljnih človekovih pravic v okviru aktov OZN še vedno ni kodificirana pravica neoškodovanih držav vložiti tožbo pred Sodiščem. Države se pri dokazovanju ius standi opirajo na obveznosti erga omnes in erga omnes partes, čeprav tudi za dotične ni jasen njihov izvor ali kriteriji za njihovo opredelitev. Gre za obveznosti, ki varujejo najpomembnejše in najbolj temeljne človekove pravice, glede katerih ima vsaka država v mednarodni skupnosti, oz. vse države podpisnice akta, iz katerega izvirajo, pravni interes za njihovo uveljavitev pred Sodiščem. Teorija vleče vzporednice med obveznostmi erga omnes (partes) in normami ius cogens, od katerih ni dovoljena derogacija, saj so vse pravice, ki jih je Sodišče do danes opredelilo kot kogentne norme, hkrati tudi obveznosti erga omnes (partes). V magistrkem delu ugotavljamo pomen kolektivnega interesa za zaščito temeljnih človekovih pravic, kot so prepoved mučenja, prepoved genocida, prepoved kršitve pravil mednarodnega humanitarnega prava ter kolektivnih pravic naroda, kot je pravica do samoodločbe. Doprinos magistrske naloge je v poudarku potrebe po kodifikaciji pravice neoškodovanih držav do aktivne legitimacije v obvezujočih virih mednarodnega prava, kar bi omogočilo jasen pravni okvir za uveljavljanje odgovornosti držav kršiteljic in krepilo skladnost mednarodne skupnosti pri varovanju vrednot, ki predstavljajo temelj naše civilizacije. This master’s thesis examines the possibility of a non-injured State to bring a claim before the Court and adresses the issue of standing of States in international law. The topic is particularly relevant in the contemporary context, where the international community frequently witnesses gross, systematic violations of international law norms, including crimes that threaten fundamental human rights and freedoms, as well as the foundational principles established by international law throughout the development of the global legal order. The historical origins of acting in collective interest can be tracked back to Roman law, which recognised the concept of actio popularis. Although Roman law did not address inter-state disputes, this procedural legal remedy reflected an early awareness of the importance of protecting common interests (originally of individuals, and today of States). In contemporary international law, similar remedies enable a State to seek the accountability of an alleged offending State, even when the Applicant State has not suffered any direct injury. Such proceedings constitute the exercise of collective interest on behalf of the international community, based on obligations erga omnes and erga omnes partes. The master’s thesis analyzes key case law of the Court, demonstrating the justification of standing by non-injured States. Landmark cases such as Barcelona Traction and Belgium v Senegal established the foundation for the right of non-injured States to bring claims before the Court on the basis of collective interest of international community as a whole. More recent cases, including the Gambia v Myanmar case, in which the Court recognized the Gambia’s ius standi to hold Myanmar accountable for alleged international crimes, and the South Africa v Israel case, in which South Africa iniciated proceedings concerning the alleged genocide against the Palestinian population, have highlighted the practical and doctrinal relevance of this topic. This cases emphasize the necessity of ensuring that all States have the possibility to request the cessation of violations and the sanctioning of responsible Parties, particularly in cases involving gross international crimes, where inaction could threaten international peace and security. Despite the recognized importance of safeguarding fundamental human rights, the right of a non-injured State to institute proceedings before the Court remains uncodified within binding international instruments. In asserting the ius standi, States rely on obligations erga omnes and erga omnes partes, although the precise source and criteria for their emergence remain legally unsettled. These obligations protect the most important and fundamental rights, which ensure every State in the international community or every Signatory State of the legal source which they derive from, to have a legal interest in their enforcement before the Court. Legal doctrine often draws parallels between obligations erga omnes (partes) and ius cogens norms from which no derogation is permitted, as all norms recognized by the Court as peremptory, are simultaneously obligations erga omnes (partes). The thesis further emphasizes the significance of the collective interest in protecting fundamental human rights, including the prohibition of torture, prohibition of genocide, prohibition of breaches of international humanitarian law, and the collective rights of peoples, such as the right to self-determination. The contribution of this master’s thesis lies in highlighting the need for codification of the standing of non-injured States in binding international instruments. Codification would provide a clear legal framework for holding breaching States accountable and enhance the coherence of the international community in safeguarding the core values representing the very basis of our civilization. aktivna legitimacija neoškodovana država Meddržavno sodišče v Haagu obveznosti erga omnes obveznosti erga omnes partes norme ius cogens standing non-injured State International Court of Justice obligations erga omnes obligations erga omnes partes ius cogens norms true true false H. Jeram Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2025-09-18 16:48:38 2025-10-02 12:06:18 2025-10-03 03:32:50 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 Maribor 0 Maribor 1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (57 str.)) 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 341.45(043.3) 251482883 MAG_Jeram_Hana_2025.pdf MAG_Jeram_Hana_2025.pdf 1 B3BB67E2FA1D7566324959BC0CC72BD9 ffad24b4290a4972390b7f1c4446e07aa05b6b0bc2bf516d56b944b8f1ab6822 5258dd63-949f-11f0-9f40-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=198794 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0