20.500.12556/DKUM-96193 Multimodal observable cues in mood, anxiety, and borderline personality disorders: a review of reviews to inform explainable AI in mental health Mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder (BPD), are common, often begin early, and can cause profound impairment. Traditional assessments rely heavily on subjective reports and clinical observation, which can be inconsistent and biased. Recent advances in AI offer a promising complement by analyzing objective, observable cues from speech, language, facial expressions, physiological signals, and digital behavior. Explainable AI ensures these patterns remain interpretable and clinically meaningful. A synthesis of 24 recent systematic and scoping reviews shows that depression is linked to self-focused negative language, slowed and monotonous speech, reduced facial expressivity, disrupted sleep and activity, and altered phone or online behavior. Anxiety disorders present with negative language bias, monotone speech with pauses, physiological hyperarousal, and avoidance-related behaviors. BPD exhibits more complex patterns, including impersonal or externally focused language, speech dysregulation, paradoxical facial expressions, autonomic dysregulation, and socially ambivalent behaviors. Some cues, like reduced heart rate variability and flattened speech, appear across conditions, suggesting shared transdiagnostic mechanisms, while BPD’s interpersonal and emotional ambivalence stands out. These findings highlight the potential of observable, digitally measurable cues to complement traditional assessments, enabling earlier detection, ongoing monitoring, and more personalized interventions in psychiatry. observable cues mood disorders anxiety disorders borderline personality disorder multimodal signals facial expressions speech patterns physiological signals explainable AI mental health assessment opazni znaki motnje razpoloženja anksiozne motnje mejna osebnostna motnja umetna inteligenca pregled true false true Frontiers Media S. A. Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://www.frontiersin.org/ © 2025 Močnik, Rehberger, Smogavc, Mlakar, Smrke and Močnik. Članek v reviji 2025-12-09 10:56:45 2026-01-05 12:19:02 2026-01-06 03:18:36 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 Vol. 8 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2025-08-31 2025-11-24 2025-12-09 004.8:61 2624-8212 260723459 10.3389/frai.2025.1696448 2624-8212 frai-8-1696448.pdf frai-8-1696448.pdf 1 515B5BBA99C1A7518DE779DBD8B4BF8D 34a83fb1b5f8974d79d8f06738a5465781ff24ad28d6cbc50c2aaeb155c769a5 64a3a172-d4e5-11f0-b0df-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=201256 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1696448/full 1 a6f38cf1-d4e5-11f0-b0df-00155d000105 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=201262 Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Medicinska fakulteta Univerza v Mariboru Filozofska fakulteta 0 0 0