20.500.12556/DKUM-96249 High-resolution urban-scale impact of retro-reflective façade materials on building thermal load This paper presents a high-resolution urban-scale evaluation of the impact of retro-reflective (RR)facade materials on building thermal load. Unlike earlier studies limited to isolated buildings or simplified geometries, we integrate LiDAR-derived 3D city models, local meteorological data, and per-triangle thermal load simulation to quantify seasonal thermal load impact on an urban scale. The triangle-based framework enables detailed estimation of shading, orientation, and vegetation effects under realistic urban configurations. The methodology was applied to 914 buildings in Celje, Slovenia, represented by more than seven million building surface triangles. Results show that Prism RR material increased annual heating demands by 2.1 % and reduced cooling demands by 0.76 %, while Glass bead material increased heating by 1.6 % and reduced cooling by 0.65 %. On the days of maximum city-aggregate cooling demand reduction, Prism and Glass bead materials reduced cooling demands by upto 19.31 % and 15.39 %,respectively. These location-specific results demonstrate a seasonal trade-off, where reduced summer cooling demand is counter balanced by increased heating demand. The analysis also identifies a previously underreported seasonal asymmetry, with the highest heating demand increases occurring in spring when solar irradiation is high yet heating demand remains. thermal load lagre scale retro-reflective materials glass bead prism toplotna obremenitev retroodsevni materiali steklene kroglice prizma true false true Springer Nature Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://www.nature.com/srep/ © The Author(s) 2025 Članek v reviji 2025-12-12 09:39:21 2025-12-12 09:39:21 2026-05-28 03:08:50 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 18 str. Vol. 15, [article no.] 45532 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2025-09-04 2025-11-20 2025-11-27 004.9 260140547 10.1038/s41598-025-30085-3 2045-2322 s41598-025-30085-3.pdf s41598-025-30085-3.pdf 1 0B0CEA7DB7D7E898FF28F391BD1252CE 427d7adc4a546362262d50448e26b1e98fcc19f5e08f015c4ed248b2304f2146 47401e99-59d5-11f1-8108-00155d580e34 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=206470 Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko 0 0 0