20.500.12556/DKUM-96476 High-level process modeling—an experimental investigation of the cognitive effectiveness of process landscape diagrams Unlike business process diagrams, where ISO/IEC 19510 (BPMN 2.0) prevails, high-level process landscape diagrams are being designed using a variety of standard- or semi-standard-based notations. Consequently, landscape diagrams differ among organizations, domains, and modeling tools. As (process landscape) diagrams need to be understandable in order to communicate effectively and thus form the basis for valid business decisions, this study aims to empirically validate the cognitive effectiveness of common landscape designs, including those BPMN-L-based, which represent a standardized extension of BPMN 2.0 specifically aimed at landscape modeling. Empirical research with 298 participants was conducted in which cognitive effectiveness was investigated by observing the speed, ease, accuracy, and efficiency of answering questions related to semantically equivalent process landscape diagrams modeled in three different notations: value chains, ArchiMate, and BPMN-L. The results demonstrate that BPMN-L-based diagrams performed better than value chain- and ArchiMate-based diagrams concerning speed, accuracy, and efficiency; however, subjects perceived BPMN-L-based diagrams as being less easy to use when compared to their counterparts. The results indicate that differences in cognitive effectiveness measures may result from the design principles of the underlying notations, specifically the complexity of the visual vocabulary and semiotic clarity, which states that modeling concepts should have unique visualizations. process modeling process landscapes BPMN cognitive effectiveness procesno modeliranje kognitivna učinkovist poslovni procesi true false true MDPI Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://www.mdpi.com/journal/mathematics © 2024 by the authors Članek v reviji 2026-01-13 12:14:41 2026-01-13 12:14:42 2026-01-14 03:14:45 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2024 0 0 23 str. no. 9, [article no.] 1376 Vol. 12 2024 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2024-03-15 2024-04-26 2024-04-30 669.2 194590723 10.3390/math12091376 2227-7390 mathematics-12-01376-v2.pdf mathematics-12-01376-v2.pdf 1 B39AAF725049C29D281559702C9FD8A2 8b666c2f47af9b0f0c653a745bf8c88adbb726178bac89e9c1c39c4d5be15b40 3dfb1a87-f071-11f0-823a-00155d580e02 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=201958 https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/9/1376 0 456e7b8c-f071-11f0-823a-00155d580e02 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=201959 Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko 0 0 0