20.500.12556/DKUM-96552 Multiparametric ▫$Cost–CO_2$▫ optimization of bored reinforced-concrete piles under combined loading in cohesive soils Laterally loaded slender piles present a classic soil–structure interaction problem where pile displacements and flexural demands are governed by the mobilized lateral resistance of the surrounding soil and the axial-bending capacity of the reinforced concrete section. In response to increasing pressure to reduce embodied emissions, this study develops LAVERCO, an optimization framework for cost- and CO2-efficient design of bored reinforced-concrete piles in cohesive soils subjected to combined lateral and axial actions. The framework integrates Eurocode-based geotechnical checks with full N–M section verification of the RC pile and applies a genetic algorithm over a multi-parametric grid of lateral load, vertical load, and undrained shear strength, using economic cost and embodied CO2 as alternative single objectives. Rank-based (Spearman) sensitivity analysis quantifies how actions, soil strength, and design variables influence the optimal solutions. The results reveal two consistent geometry regimes: CO2-optimal piles are systematically longer and slimmer, while COST-optimal piles are shorter and thicker. In both cases, the objective is dominated by pile length and is reduced by higher undrained shear strength; vertical load has a moderate direct effect, while horizontal load contributes mainly through deflection and bending checks. Feasibility improves significantly in stronger clays, and CO2-optimal geometries generally incur higher costs, clarifying the trade-off between economic and environmental performance. The framework provides explicit geometry-level guidance for selecting bored pile designs that balance cost and embodied CO2 across a wide range of soil and loading conditions and can be directly applied in both preliminary and detailed designs. laterally loaded pile reinforced-concrete piles structural analysis reinforced-concrete design optimization CO2 emissions genetic algorithm multiparametric analysis civil engineering practice stranske obremenitve armiranobetonski piloti strukturna analiza armiranobetonska zasnova optimizacija CO2 emisije genetski algoritmi večparametrična analiza praksa v gradbeništvu true false true MDPI Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/24/4519 Članek v reviji 2026-01-19 11:28:08 2026-01-19 11:28:09 2026-01-20 03:18:41 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 19 str. iss. 24, [article no.] 4519 Vol. 15 Dec. 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2025-11-18 2025-12-12 2025-12-14 624.131:519.8 263996419 10.3390/buildings15244519 2075-5309 buildings-15-04519-v2.pdf buildings-15-04519-v2.pdf 1 BEEE1D7203F3D720A045B50600973EF4 6d2d05ff73478be9f201077792a901053db32a4a18cb52689c48c28c81ab3406 dbbcdaac-f521-11f0-94a4-00155d580e02 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=202158 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/24/4519 0 e1ede478-f521-11f0-94a4-00155d580e02 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=202159 Fakulteta za gradbeništvo, prometno inženirstvo in arhitekturo 0 0 0