20.500.12556/DKUM-96648 Impact of machining parameters on surface roughness in CNC hardwood milling: A multivariate approach Wood processing remains a manufacturing field that relies heavily on craftsmanship and the experience of skilled workers. Although Computer Numerical Control (CNC) techniques have introduced significant progress in wood manufacturing, one of the main challenges remains the natural variability of wood. Variations in grain direction, density, moisture content, and other wood properties can result in inconsistent cutting behavior, increased surface roughness, and dimensional inaccuracies. Furthermore, the growing need to conserve natural resources continuously drives innovation in wood processing. This paper investigates CNC machining of hardwoods with a particular focus on evaluating surface roughness as a key quality parameter. Aiming to achieve better surface roughness leads to eliminating or reducing sanding operations. Cutting conditions, tool path optimization, and time efficiency during hardwood processing remain crucial factors in the furniture industry. Finished wooden components are typically assembled from multiple pieces using joining techniques; however, unlike in the forestry industry, the quality of the prepared samples is not systematically monitored and is often assessed solely by human judgment. Consequently, the impact of variable parameters, such as feed speed, timber species, fiber orientation, during the cutting and workpiece preparation was evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis. The study of milling curvilinear shapes in hardwoods (ash, oak, walnut) revealed that the annual growth ring section is the most significant factor affecting the quality of the finished product. Consequently, the adapted tool path according to the materials growth ring section would be advantageous while milling curvilinear shapes of the hardwood materials. CNC milling hardwood processing wood manufacturing surface roughness fiber orientation multivariate analysis MANOVA wood machining quality proizvodnja lesa površinska obdelava parametri obdelave CNC rezkanje frezanje multivariatna analiza true false true Fakulteta za strojništvo Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://apem-journal.org/ Članek v reviji 2026-01-22 11:36:14 2026-01-22 11:39:35 2026-03-11 11:40:37 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 0 str. 191-204 no. 2 Vol. 20 June 2025 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2025-05-14 2025-07-15 2025-07-29 621.9:674 265732867 10.14743/apem2025.2.535 1854-6250 APEM20-2_191-204.pdf APEM20-2_191-204.pdf 1 6A6D60CBA58B420E2CED84000CE41F1C a3b183537ac177df51935afbdf5ceaff69834610679a7f8ff2206c762ec1620b 76cc9361-f77e-11f0-a060-00155d00018d https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=202394 https://apem-journal.org/Archives/2025/VOL20-ISSUE02.html 0 8d6e2444-f77e-11f0-a060-00155d00018d https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=202395 Fakulteta za strojništvo Advances in production engineering & management 0 0 0