20.500.12556/DKUM-96707 Žrtve družinskega nasilja kot storilci kaznivih dejanj in njim prilagojena modifikacija splošnega dela kazenskega prava doktorska disertacija Victims of Domestic Violence as Perpetrators of Criminal Offenses and the Modification of the General Part of Criminal Law Adapted to Them Strah, ki ga povzroča nasilje, vpliva na vedenje in vzgojenost ljudi ter pogosto vodi v nadaljnje nasilje, kar pa ustvari začarani krog (circulus vitiosus), iz katerega se je težko osvoboditi. Ta pojav je precej izrazit pri družinskem nasilju, ki je zamolčano in nevidno zunanjemu svetu ter zato toliko nevarnejše. Žrtve družinskega nasilja so pogosto prestrašene, brez moči, da bi se uprle storilcu, in osamljene, pri čemer jih v molk dodatno vodijo družbeni pritisk, osebno prepričanje, strah in odvisnost od nasilne osebe. Tudi pomoč, kadar se jo odločijo poiskati, ni vedno zagotovljena, kar lahko postane vzrok za nadaljevano nasilje – tako žrtev sama postane storilec kaznivega dejanja. Neenakost med spoloma med moškimi in ženskami je glavni vzrok za nasilje v družini – zato obstaja tveganje, da bo prisotnost nasilja v družini povezana z obsegom, v katerem je neenakost med spoloma izražena na vsaki od teh ravni – posameznik, družina, družbena skupina. Čeprav je ženska danes, pravno gledano, enakovredna moškemu, pa v praksi ženske še vedno niso povsem enakopravne, kar se kaže v izključenosti iz procesov, v katerih se oblikujejo družbene vloge. Velik pomen pri tem ima tudi kazensko pravo, saj prispeva k izgrajevanju spolnih vlog. S kazensko odgovornostjo se sankcionirajo ravnanja, ki nasprotujejo družbenim interesom, in da bi bilo življenje v družbi bolj skladno, varno in urejeno, je treba uvesti določene ukrepe, ki bi preprečevali kazniva dejanja, kot so nasilje in druga kazniva dejanja zoper življenje in telo. Tako je družbeno nasprotujoča ravnanja treba nadzorovati. Osredotočenost kriminoloških raziskav predvsem na kriminaliteto moških posledično pomeni, da sta ženska kriminaliteta in ženska kot storilka kaznivega dejanja v literaturi pogosto obravnavani obrobno, v okviru delinkventnosti, saj se tudi razlage nasilnih, kaznivih dejanj ne ukvarjajo z utemeljitvami glede na spol. Teoretiki, ki so poskušali razložiti pojav ženskega kriminala, so si glede dejavnikov, ki vplivajo nanj, neenotni. Tudi raziskave praviloma kažejo, da je stopnja kriminala pri ženskah statistično nižja kot pri moških predstavnikih, ki jim je zatorej namenjene tudi več pozornosti. Kazenskopravni sistem v primeru nasilja v družini pogosto zataji žrtve z minimaliziranjem nasilja storilca, skozi zmanjšanje števila obtožb, s pogojnim kaznovanjem itd. To pa nosi v sebi sporočilo, da ima svoboda nasilneža prednost pred življenjem žrtve. Zato predmetna doktorska disertacija obravnava, na kakšen način in v kolikšni meri je treba institute splošnega dela kazenskega prava prilagoditi žrtvam družinskega nasilja, ki v določenem trenutku nastopijo vlogo storilcev kaznivih dejanj. Predvsem pa je raziskava osredotočena na presojo ustreznosti obstoječih kazenskopravnih institutov, to so krivda, protipravnost, silobran, skrajna sila, kazenska odgovornost in odmera kazni, upoštevaje specifične okoliščine, ki izhajajo iz dolgotrajnega predhodnega položaja žrtve. Osrednji namen je analizirati in ugotoviti, ali veljavna kazenskopravna zakonodaja zagotavlja zadostno pravično obravnavo te specifične kategorije storilcev oziroma ali so potrebne normativne prilagoditve, ki bi celostno obravnavale položaj žrtev – storilec v okviru nasilja v družini. The fear caused by violence affects people's behavior and upbringing and often leads to further violence, which creates a vicious circle (circulus vitiosus) from which it is difficult to free oneself. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in domestic violence, which is silent and invisible to the outside world and therefore all the more dangerous. Victims of domestic violence are often frightened, powerless to resist the perpetrator, and lonely. They are further driven into silence by social pressure, personal beliefs, fear, and dependence on the abusive person. Even when victims decide to seek help, it is not always provided. This can lead to continued violence, and thus the victim may become the perpetrator of a criminal offense. Gender inequality between men and women is considered the main cause of domestic violence; therefore, there is a risk that the occurrence of domestic violence will be related to the extent to which gender inequality is expressed at different levels – individual, familial, and social. Although women are now legally equivalent to men, in practice, they are still not fully equal, which is reflected in their exclusion from the processes in which social roles are formed. Criminal law also plays a significant role in this, as it contributes to the development of gender roles. Criminal liability sanctions actions that are contrary to social interests, and in order for life in society to be more harmonious, safe, and regulated, certain measures must be taken to prevent criminal offenses, such as violence and other criminal offenses against life and limb. Therefore, socially harmful conduct must be controlled. The focus of criminological research primarily on male criminality consequently means that female criminality and women as perpetrators of criminal offenses are often treated marginally in the literature, within the context of delinquency, as explanations of violent criminal conduct do not address justifications based on gender. Theorists who have tried to explain the phenomenon of female criminality are inconsistent regarding the factors that contribute to it. Research also generally shows that the crime rate among women is statistically lower than among men, who are therefore given more attention. In cases of domestic violence, the criminal justice system often fails victims by minimising the violence of the perpetrator, reducing the number of charges, imposing probation, etc. This conveys the message that the freedom of the perpetrator takes precedence over the life of the victim. Therefore, this doctoral dissertation examines how and to what extent it is necessary to adapt the institutes of the general part of criminal law to victims of domestic violence who, at a certain moment, assume the role of perpetrators of criminal offenses. The research focuses on assessing the adequacy of existing criminal law institutes, namely guilt, unlawfulness, self-defense, necessity, criminal liability, and sentencing, taking into account the specific circumstances arising from the victim’s long-term prior position. The main purpose is to analyse and determine whether the current criminal law legislation ensures substantively fair treatment of this specific category of perpetrators or whether normative adjustments are necessary to address the position of the victim-perpetrator comprehensively within the context of domestic violence. kaznivo dejanje nasilja v družini žrtve družinskega nasilja krog nasilja in zlorabe protipraven napad preobrazba žrtve v storilca ženska kriminaliteta sindrom pretepene ženske uboj silobran criminal offense of domestic violence victims of domestic violence cycle of violence and abuse unlawful attack transformation of the victim into the perpetrator female criminality battered woman syndrome manslaughter self-defense true true false B. Balažic Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Doktorsko delo/naloga 2026-01-25 10:49:36 2026-04-07 10:55:31 2026-04-08 03:07:33 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 Maribor 0 Maribor 278 str. 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 343.55(043.3) 274382083 DOK_Balazic_Barbara_2026.pdf DOK_Balazic_Barbara_2026.pdf 1 E14280879B929D572D16B7DB570D7DC4 1d8c37b75eb7d29b0b8d7f199e938a778c95b71ea5610779a4dcb167d01f2bcd a87fa833-2d1c-11f1-b3ef-00155d0001a1 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=204945 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0