20.500.12556/DKUM-97590 Developing a digital twin for human performance assessment in human–machine interaction Digital twins are becoming essential tools in smart, human-centric manufacturing, yet validated approaches that integrate real human behavior into digital twin models remain limited. This study develops and experimentally validates a digital twin as a tool for evaluating human performance in balancing human–machine interaction. A physical system comprising a conveyor belt, sensors, and operator-controlled elements was constructed, and a functionally equivalent digital model was created using Arduino IDE and MATLAB/Simulink. The digital twin records and synchronizes key human–machine interaction variables, including response time, assembly time, and execution consistency. Validation was conducted through simulation testing and an experimental study with 18 participants performing repeated assembly cycles. The results show that the developed digital twin accurately replicates the temporal dynamics of the physical process and reliably captures individual human performance patterns. Overall, the study provides a validated methodological framework for human–machine-integrated digital twins and demonstrates their potential for analyzing human–machine interaction, supporting operator training, and adaptive workplace design in line with Industry 5.0 principles. digital twins human–machine interaction smart manufacturing simulation-based optimization Industry 5.0 digitalni dvojčki interakcija človek-stroj pametna proizvodnja optimizacija na podlagi simulacije industrija 5.0 true false true MDPI Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/14/3/346 Članek v reviji 2026-03-23 13:57:00 2026-03-23 13:57:01 2026-03-24 03:12:17 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 16 str. iss. 3, [article no.] 346 Vol. 14 March 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2026-02-19 2026-03-18 2026-03-19 658.5:004.5 272629763 10.3390/machines14030346 2075-1702 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/14/3/346 1 c9b010f6-26b7-11f1-ab09-00155d0001a1 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=204717 machines-14-00346.pdf machines-14-00346.pdf 1 916E9C34200AF7319BCC021FB3F79185 678bf66e69e1b344ba849028d7cb974557aa0bc5aa25a3ca101af9f82021ca84 5b05b745-26b8-11f1-ab09-00155d0001a1 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=204720 Fakulteta za strojništvo 0 0 0