20.500.12556/DKUM-97987 Obveznosti in odgovornost članov organa vodenja ob nastanku insolventnosti gospodarske družbe magistrsko delo Obligations and liability of members of management body in the event of a company's insolvency Družba in poslovodstvo sta v medsebojnem korporacijskem pravnem razmerju, ki nastane s tem, ko pristojni organ družbe poslovodjo (na podlagi njegovega soglasja) imenuje za to funkcijo. Poslovodstvo mora na podlagi prvega odstavka 263. člena ZGD-1 pri opravljanju svojih nalog ravnati v dobro družbe s skrbnostjo vestnega in poštenega gospodarstvenika. V fazi solventnosti družbe so interesi družbenikov v ospredju, saj so prav oni nosilci poslovnega tveganja. Poslovodstvo je zato dolžno usmerjati poslovanje družbe v njeno dolgoročno rast ob doseganju največje vrednosti enote navadnega lastniškega kapitala. Znaki, ki nakazujejo, da je družba v krizi, se začnejo kazati že veliko pred stanjem insolventnosti, insolventnost pa je le njen zadnji stadij. Ker se kriza lahko konča s prenehanjem družbe ali pa z njenim preživetjem, je pravočasno in pravilno ukrepanje poslovodstva ključnega pomena. Ob nastopu grozeče insolventnosti ali insolventnosti se tveganje iz družbenikov prenese na upnike, saj ima družba v tem obdobju manj premoženja, hkrati pa se poveča verjetnost, da bodo družbeniki pred prenehanjem družbe poskušali poseči po njenem premoženju ali jo silili v visoko tvegane posle. V takšnem stanju družbe stopijo v ospredje interesi upnikov, ki nadredijo interese družbenikov, pravila, ki to zagotovijo, pa so urejena v ZFPPIPP. Za zavarovanje interesov upnikov se ob nastopu grozeče insolventnosti ali insolventnosti aktivirajo dodatne obveznosti poslovodstva, ob tem pa obveznosti po ZGD-1 ne prenehajo. Aktivacija dodatnih obveznosti je vezana na trenutek, ko bi tak položaj družbe lahko ugotovilo poslovodstvo, če bi ravnalo s profesionalno skrbnostjo poslovnofinančne stroke in stroke upravljanja podjemov. Obveznosti poslovodstva ob nastanku grozeče insolventnosti so urejene v 33.a členu ZFPPIPP, ob nastanku insolventnosti pa so urejene v 34. členu do 39. člena ZFPPIPP. V primeru, da poslovodstvo svojih dolžnosti ne izpolni, jih izpolni nepravilno ali z zamudo, ga lahko doleti odškodninska odgovornost. Za kršitev obveznosti ob grozeči insolventnosti (kršitev 33.a člena ZFPPIPP) se uporabljajo splošna pravila o odškodninski odgovornosti, urejena v 263. členu ZGD-1 in 28. členu ZFPPIPP. Za kršitev obveznosti ob insolventnosti (kršitev 34. in 38. člena ZFPPIPP), poleg splošnih pravil o odškodninski odgovornosti, veljajo tudi posebna pravila odškodninske odgovornosti, urejena v oddelku 2.2.3 ZFPPIPP. Za kršitev dolžnosti se poslovodstvu in družbi lahko izreče tudi globa. Medtem ko je za zagotovitev spoštovanja pravnega reda finančno sankcioniranje fizičnih oseb smiselno, je takšno sankcioniranje insolventnih pravnih oseb vprašljivo. Z globo se namreč samo še poglablja težek finančni položaj družbe, kar upnike postavlja v še slabši položaj. Težje kršitve, ki jih prekrški ne zajemajo, opredeljuje KZ-1. Za obravnavo kršitev insolvenčne zakonodaje se uporabljajo tri kazniva dejanja, od tega sta dve specialni (226. člen KZ-1 in 227. člen KZ-1) in eno splošno (240. člen KZ-1). Prvi dve sta usmerjeni v protipravna ravnanja poslovodstva v času insolventnosti družbe, tretje pa zajema praktično vse naklepne zlorabe poslovodstva, ko je družba še solventna. Za vzpostavitev odgovornosti (odškodninske ali kazenske) ni pomembno, da poslovodja (dejanski poslovodja) ni vpisan v sodni register in da je na funkcijo poslovodje imenovana druga oseba (slamnati direktor). Njegov cilj je izogniti se odgovornosti, učinki njegovega ravnanja na družbo pa so popolnoma enaki, kot če bi bil na funkcijo zakonito imenovan. Sodna praksa je zato v obeh primerih odgovornosti vzpostavila kriterije, na podlagi katerih odgovarjajo tudi dejanski poslovodje. The company and its management are in a mutual contractual (obligational) business relationship that arises when the competent corporate body appoints a member of management to that function (with the individual’s consent). Pursuant to the first paragraph of Article 263 of the Companies Act (ZGD-1), management must, in performing its duties, act in the best interests of the company with the diligence of a conscientious and fair businessperson. During the company’s solvent phase, the interests of the shareholders are paramount, as they are the ones who bear the business risk. Management is therefore obliged to steer the company’s operations toward long-term growth while achieving the maximum value of a unit of ordinary equity capital. Signs indicating that a company is in crisis begin to appear long before the state of insolvency, with insolvency representing only the final stage of that crisis. Since a crisis may result either in the termination of the company or in its survival, timely and appropriate action by management is of crucial importance. Upon the occurrence of imminent insolvency or insolvency, risk shifts from shareholders to creditors, as the company has fewer assets at that time and the likelihood increases that shareholders will attempt to appropriate the company’s assets or force it into high-risk transactions before its termination. In such circumstances, the interests of creditors come to the fore and take precedence over the interests of shareholders, with the rules ensuring this priority regulated by the Financial Operations, Insolvency Proceedings and Compulsory Dissolution Act (ZFPPIPP). To protect the interests of creditors, additional duties of management are activated upon the occurrence of imminent insolvency or insolvency, while the duties under the ZGD-1 do not cease. The activation of these additional duties is linked to the moment at which management could have identified such a situation if it had acted with the professional diligence of the business and financial profession and the profession of enterprise management. The duties of management upon the occurrence of imminent insolvency are regulated in Article 33a of the ZFPPIPP, while the duties arising upon insolvency are regulated in Articles 34 to 39 of the ZFPPIPP. If management fails to fulfil its duties, fulfils them improperly, or fulfils them with delay, it may incur liability for damages. For a breach of duties in the event of imminent insolvency (violation of Article 33.a of the ZFPPIPP), the general rules on liability for damages apply, as regulated in Article 263 of the ZGD-1 and Article 28 of the ZFPPIPP. For breach of duties in the event of insolvency (violations of Articles 34 and 38 of the ZFPPIPP), in addition to the general rules on liability for damages, special rules on liability for damages also apply, as regulated in Section 2.2.3 of the ZFPPIPP. For breaches of duty, fines may also be imposed on management and the company. While financial sanctions against natural persons are meaningful for ensuring compliance with the legal order, such sanctions against insolvent legal persons are questionable. A fine further aggravates the company’s difficult financial situation, thereby placing creditors in an even worse position. More serious violations not covered by minor offences are defined by the Criminal Code (KZ-1). Three criminal offences are relevant for addressing violations of insolvency legislation, two of which are special offences (Articles 226 and 227 of the KZ-1) and one general offence (Article 240 of the KZ-1). The first two are directed at unlawful conduct of management during the company’s insolvency, while the third covers virtually all intentional abuses of management while the company is still solvent. insolventnost grozeča insolventnost stečaj finančno prestrukturiranje poslovodstvo varstvo upnikov zloraba položaja oškodovanje upnikov goljufiv stečaj ZFPPIPP-H insolvency imminent insolvency bankruptcy financial restructuring management creditor protection abuse of position damage to creditors fraudulent bankruptcy ZFPPIPP-H true true false M. Kočivnik Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2026-05-06 18:22:38 2026-05-28 12:28:18 2026-05-29 03:17:39 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 Maribor 0 Maribor 1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (65 str.)) 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 347.736:005.35(043.3) 279691523 MAG_Kocivnik_Masa_2026.pdf MAG_Kocivnik_Masa_2026.pdf 1 2E82E9FF5D8BB495415F2C93B5F1EF9D 8c938f5e69327c08d2436f572ee278b76645455467f4b59e7d59714ab2092a0d 23e01f0e-49e5-11f1-8cc3-00155d0001a1 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=205871 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0