20.500.12556/DKUM-97988 Dejavniki zaposlenosti in razlike med spoloma: empirična analiza za države OECD Employment determinants and gender differences: An empirical analysis for OECD countries Zaposlenost je ključna makroekonomska kategorija, na katero vplivajo ekonomski, demografski in institucionalni dejavniki, dejavniki, vezani na spol, in tehnologija. Med ekonomske dejavnike štejemo gospodarsko rast, produktivnost, neposredne tuje investicije, globalno integracijo in mednarodno trgovino. V okviru demografskih dejavnikov moramo omeniti izobrazbeno strukturo prebivalstva, zdravje ljudi, starostno strukturo prebivalstva in migracije. Pri tem ne smemo pozabiti na vlogo države, ki neposredno vpliva na institucionalne dejavnike zaposlenosti. Med njimi so najpomembnejši aktivne politike trga dela, socialni transferji in zakonsko določena minimalna plača. Pomemben vpliv ima tudi tehnologija, saj je človeštvo trenutno priča četrti industrijski revoluciji, ki bo nedvomno vplivala tudi na zaposlenost. Za boljše razumevanje agregatne zaposlenosti pa je potrebna tudi analiza dejavnikov, vezanih na spol. Pri tem imajo pomembno vlogo družbene norme in stereotipi, zaradi katerih ženske prevzemajo več neplačanega dela, ko govorimo o skrbi za dom in družino. Zraven tega pogosteje izstopajo iz trga dela, predvsem v prvih letih po porodu, kar je v marsikateri državi povezano s pomanjkanjem dostopnega in kakovostnega varstva otrok. Vendar umik žensk s trga dela ni edini izziv, s katerim se soočajo, saj so predsodkov deležne tudi tiste, ki ostanejo zaposlene. To ustvarja problem steklenega stropa, ki jim omejuje doseganje visokih vodstvenih položajev zaradi globoko zakoreninjenih stereotipov. Prav zato so ključnega pomena ukrepi, ki lahko zmanjšajo neenakosti med spoloma in tako spodbudijo agregatno zaposlenost. Analizo zaposlenosti smo v empiričnem delu nadaljevali z oceno zaposlitvene funkcije za 38 držav članic OECD v obdobju od leta 1990 do leta 2023, pri čemer smo se najprej osredotočali na dejavnike agregatne zaposlenosti, nato pa ocenili še model za zaposlenost žensk in moških. Pri ocenjevanju regresijskih modelov smo uporabili metodo najmanjših kvadratov, znotraj katere smo uporabili model fiksnih učinkov. Izkazalo se je, da imajo povprečna leta šolanja, število delovno aktivnega prebivalstva, povprečne mesečne plače in BDP na prebivalca pozitiven vpliv na zaposlenost. Vse pojasnjevalne spremenljivke so bile statistično značilne pri vsaj 90-% stopnji zaupanja. Employment is a key macroeconomic category influenced by economic, demographic, and institutional factors, as well as gender-related factors and technology. Economic factors include economic growth, productivity, foreign direct investment, global integration, and international trade. Within the scope of demographic factors, it is essential to consider the educational structure of the population, population health, age structure, and migration. In this context, the role of the government should not be overlooked, as it directly shapes the institutional determinants of employment. Among these, the most important are active labor market policies, social transfers, and the statutory minimum wage. Technology also exerts a significant influence, as humanity is currently witnessing the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which will undoubtedly affect employment. For a more comprehensive understanding of aggregate employment, it is also necessary to analyze gender-related factors. Social norms and stereotypes play an important role in this context, as they lead to women undertaking a disproportionate share of unpaid work, particularly in relation to household and family care. In addition, women are more likely to exit the labor market, especially in the first years following childbirth, which is, in many countries, linked to a lack of accessible and high-quality childcare. However, withdrawal from the labor market is not the only challenge women face, as those who remain employed are also subject to prejudice. This leads to the problem of the glass ceiling, which limits their access to senior management positions due to deeply rooted stereotypes. For this reason, policy measures aimed at reducing gender inequalities are of crucial importance, as they can help stimulate aggregate employment. In the empirical section, the analysis continues with the estimation of an employment function for 38 OECD member countries over the period from 1990 to 2023. The analysis first focuses on the determinants of aggregate employment and then estimates separate models for female and male employment. The regression models were estimated using the least squares method, incorporating a fixed-effects specification. The results indicate that average years of schooling, the size of the working-age population, average monthly wages, and GDP per capita have a positive effect on employment. All explanatory variables were statistically significant at a confidence level of at least 90 %. zaposlenost razlike med spoloma Organizacija za gospodarsko sodelovanje in razvoj. employment gender differences Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. true true false E. Glavič] Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2026-05-06 18:38:55 2026-06-04 14:13:34 2026-06-05 10:51:27 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 Maribor 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 331.5-055 280505859 MAG_Glavic_Eva_2026.pdf MAG_Glavic_Eva_2026.pdf 1 2777F4CF6F67522F4B929410ECBE23C9 35294f46f1197926c9a155dbb2bed51e718ed69c9adbd95e32ba27a1dfc090bb c3e4cb1c-542a-11f1-b984-00155d580e34 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=206252 Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta 0 0 0