20.500.12556/DKUM-98048 Decision-making framework for building assemblies using nD BIM integration of time, cost, and environmental criteria The increasing demand for efficient and sustainable building design has led to the development of nD BIM, which integrates multiple dimensions such as time (4D), cost (5D), and environmental performance (6D and beyond). However, existing approaches often lack an integrated decision-making framework that supports the simultaneous evaluation of these criteria, particularly in the early design phase of building envelope systems. This study proposes a unified nD BIM-based decision-making framework for building assemblies, using authoring tools, namely the BIM approach and LCA methodology. The proposed framework is applied in an empirical case study, where several design variants of a multi-residential building are developed and analyzed through 4D and 5D BIM models to assess construction time and costs, while environmental impacts are evaluated using selected key indicators, e.g., Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), and the consumption of non-renewable primary energy (PENRT). The outcomes of these analyses are integrated into a multi-criteria decision-making model based on a weighting system. The results demonstrate that an nD BIM-based unified weighted decision model enhances decision-making by enabling transparent comparison of design alternatives and identification of trade-offs, thereby supporting more efficient and sustainable building envelope design while improving decision quality and reducing uncertainty for designers, engineers, and project investors. building assemblies BIM 5D BIM 4D BIM environmental indicators decision-making sustainability multi-residential buildings gradbeni sklopi BIM 5D BIM 4D BIM kazalci okolja proces odločanja trajnostnost večstanovanjske zgradbe true false true MDPI Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings Članek v reviji 2026-05-11 12:35:15 2026-05-11 12:35:15 2026-05-12 03:08:00 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 19 str. issue 10, [article no.] 1882 Vol. 16 9 May 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 2026-04-06 2026-05-05 2026-05-09 69:502.131.1 277706243 10.3390/buildings16101882 2075-5309 buildings-16-01882.pdf buildings-16-01882.pdf 1 71A6F717A015816AE61ACA15D1A1EB7A 2929061b76631381226cfd9b0c5f28f48130f0724c842711a64783f2cea0db35 766e2718-4d25-11f1-9e82-00155d0001a1 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=205993 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/16/10/1882 1 196f0786-4d25-11f1-9e82-00155d0001a1 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=205992 Fakulteta za gradbeništvo, prometno inženirstvo in arhitekturo Ekonomsko-poslovna fakulteta 0 0 0