20.500.12556/DKUM-98279 Pravne značilnosti pridobitve lastninske pravice pri prisilni prodaji magistrsko delo Legal Characteristics of the Acquisition of Ownership in Forced Sale Proceedings Prisilna prodaja predstavlja enega intenzivnejših pravno dopustnih posegov v ustavno varovano lastninsko pravico. Z izrazom prisilna prodaja skupno označujemo različne sodne in zunajsodne postopke, v katerih pride do prenosa lastninske pravice na kupca neodvisno od volje dotedanjega lastnika zaradi uresničitve poplačilnih upravičenj upnikov. Praviloma se izvede sodno, mogoča pa je tudi zunajsodna uveljavitev poplačilnega upravičenja zastavnega upnika. Slovenski pravni red tako pozna prisilno prodajo v izvršilnem postopku, stečajnem postopku ter zunajsodno prisilno prodajo. Ker gre pri tem za različne postopke z različnimi pravnimi podlagami in nameni, je njena ureditev razpršena med več pravnih predpisov. Prisilna prodaja zato predstavlja kompleksen pravni institut, katerega pravna narava v teoriji in sodni praksi ni enotno in celovito opredeljena. Pri prisilni prodaji gre za posebno obliko prodaje s prisilnim elementom, ki je zakonsko določen. Zaradi posebnosti njene ureditve ne sledi v celoti pravilom običajnega prenosa lastninske pravice pri prodaji. Poleg posega v lastninsko pravico namreč vpliva tudi na izvedene stvarne pravice in na posamezna obligacijska razmerja z absolutnimi učinki proti tretjim osebam. Posledično prav tako ne sledi v celoti temeljnim načelom, ki so značilna za izveden poslovni prenos lastninske pravice pri običajni prodaji. Posebej izrazit je odstop od načela, da nihče ne more na drugega prenesti več pravic, kot jih ima sam, saj kupec pridobi lastninsko pravico, očiščeno določenih bremen in omejitev. V določenih primerih pa se lastninska pravica pri prisilni prodaji pridobi celo od nelastnika. Skladno s tem je za potrebe prisilne prodaje v zakonih, ki jo urejajo, posebej konkretizirano prednostno načelo, ki ureja razmerja med izvedenimi pravicami. Zaradi različnih značilnosti posameznih postopkov je pri prisilni prodaji smiselno razlikovati predvsem med sodno in zunajsodno prisilno prodajo ter med prisilno prodajo premičnin in nepremičnin. Glede na to so razvidne predvsem razlike v načinu in trenutku pridobitve lastninske pravice ter v učinkih prisilne prodaje na izvedene pravice. Razlike, povezane z namenom posameznega postopka, so razvidne tudi v dopustnih posegih v obligacijska razmerja z absolutnimi učinki. Namen prisilne prodaje v izvršilnem postopku je individualno poplačilo upnika, medtem ko stečajni postopek predstavlja obliko generalne izvršbe, katere namen je najučinkovitejše unovčenje stečajne mase zaradi sorazmernega poplačila vseh upnikov. V obeh postopkih ima osrednjo vlogo sodišče, ki izda oblikovalno odločbo, medtem ko pri zunajsodni prisilni prodaji ni prisoten oblastni organ, ki bi izdal odločbo s takšnimi učinki. Med drugim se prav zaradi odsotnosti tovrstnega oblastnega nadzora postopka zunajsodna prisilna prodaja v večji meri približa običajni pogodbeni prodaji. Kljub temu tudi pri zunajsodni prodaji ne gre za prostovoljno razpolaganje dolžnika, saj je prenos lastninske pravice še vedno neodvisen od njegove volje ali pa se izvede celo proti njegovi volji. Na drugi strani pa kupec ne glede na obliko postopka prisilne prodaje svojo poslovno voljo za nakup oblikuje na enak način kot pri običajni prodaji. Zato gre pri prisilni prodaji za prepletanje oblastnih in poslovnih elementov, pri čemer sta njihovo razmerje in intenzivnost odvisna predvsem od vrste postopka prisilne prodaje ter od predmeta prodaje. Forced sale constitutes one of the more intensive interferences with the constitutionally protected right of ownership. The term forced sale collectively refers to various judicial and extrajudicial proceedings in which ownership is transferred to the purchaser independently of the previous owners’ will for the purpose of satisfying creditors’ claims. As a rule, forced sale is conducted through judicial proceedings, however, the extrajudicial enforcement of a secured creditor’s right to satisfaction is also possible. Accordingly, the Slovenian legal system recognises forced sale in enforcement proceedings, insolvency proceedings, and extrajudicial forced sale proceedings. Since these are distinct procedures with different legal bases and purposes, the regulation of forced sale is dispersed across several legal acts. Forced sale therefore represents a complex legal institution whose legal nature has not yet been defined in a uniform and comprehensive manner in legal theory and case law. Forced sale constitutes a special form of sale incorporating a legally prescribed compulsory element. Because of the specific nature of its regulation, forced sale does not fully follow the rules governing the ordinary transfer of ownership in contractual sales. In addition to interfering with ownership rights, it also affects derivative property rights and certain contractual relationships producing effects erga omnes. Consequently, forced sale does not fully adhere to the fundamental principles characteristic of the derivative acquisition of ownership through ordinary contractual transfer. Particularly notable is the departure from the principle that no one may transfer more rights than they themselves possess, since the purchaser in a forced sale acquires ownership cleared of certain encumbrances and restrictions. In certain cases, ownership acquired through forced sale may even be obtained from a non-owner. Accordingly, for the purposes of forced sale, the statutes governing such proceedings specifically concretise the priority principle regulating the relationship between derivative rights. Due to the differing characteristics of individual proceedings, it is appropriate to distinguish primarily between judicial and extrajudicial forced sale, as well as between forced sale of movable and immovable property. In this regard, the principal differences concern the manner and moment of the acquisition of ownership and the effects of forced sale on derivative rights. Differences connected with the purpose of each procedure are likewise reflected in the permissible interferences with contractual relationships that produce absolute effects against third parties. The purpose of forced sale in enforcement proceedings is the individual satisfaction of the creditor, whereas insolvency proceedings constitute a form of collective enforcement aimed at the most efficient liquidation of the bankruptcy estate for the proportional satisfaction of all creditors. In both procedures, the court plays the central role by issuing a constitutive judicial decision, whereas in extrajudicial forced sale no public authority issues a decision with such effects. Precisely due to the absence of such authoritative supervision, extrajudicial forced sale more closely resembles an ordinary contractual sale. Nevertheless, even in extrajudicial sale there is no voluntary disposition by the debtor, since the transfer of ownership remains independent of, or may even occur contrary to, the debtor’s will. On the other hand, irrespective of the form of forced sale proceedings, the purchaser forms their contractual intent to purchase in the same manner as in an ordinary sale. Forced sale therefore represents an intertwining of authoritative and contractual elements, the relationship and intensity of which depend primarily on the type of forced sale proceedings and on the subject matter of the sale. omejitve lastnine vrste pridobitve lastnine prenos izvedenih pravic zastavna pravica uveljavitev zastavne pravice notarska prodaja izvršilni postopek stečajni postopek izvirna pridobitev poslovna pridobitev. restrictions on ownership modes of acquisition of ownership transfer of derivative rights security right enforcement of a security right notary sale enforcement proceedings insolvency proceedings original acquisition derivative acquisition. true true false K. Lahovnik Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Magistrsko delo/naloga 2026-06-02 14:31:49 2026-07-17 10:28:43 2026-07-18 03:13:01 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 Maribor 0 Maribor 1 spletni vir (1 datoteka PDF (72 str.)) 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 347.232:347.952(043.3) 285218819 MAG_Lahovnik_Kristina_2026.pdf MAG_Lahovnik_Kristina_2026.pdf 1 C3E4F11EA3834D3F6CA6AA39CA200112 309d0f785cb0939015c8d18056aea66bfa4a80d08071f8728502070c47a977d5 5ff6cfdb-5e87-11f1-ad74-00155d580e34 https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=206646 Pravna fakulteta 0 0 0