Tujerodne rastline v nižinskih gozdnih fragmentih: vpliv značilnosti robov in človekovih aktivnosti

Šipek, Mirjana

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Naslov:	Tujerodne rastline v nižinskih gozdnih fragmentih: vpliv značilnosti robov in človekovih aktivnosti
Avtorji:	ID Šipek, Mirjana (Avtor) ID Šajna, Nina (Mentor) Več o mentorju...
Datoteke:	Sipek_doktorska_disertacija.pdf (8,03 MB) MD5: 53810AF2819FE41D24BD184E482BA1BD
Jezik:	Slovenski jezik
Vrsta gradiva:	Doktorsko delo/naloga
Tipologija:	2.08 - Doktorska disertacija
Organizacija:	FNM - Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko
Opis:	V nižinskem delu SV Slovenije prevladuje intenzivna kmetijska krajina. Znotraj nje so gozdni fragmenti različnih velikosti, ki imajo pomembno vlogo pri ohranjanju lokalne bidoverzitete, vendar njihovo funkcijo ogrožajo (invazivne) tujerodne vrste (ITV). V raziskavo smo vključili 48 gozdnih fragmentov na Dravskem in Apaškem polju s površino od 0,1 do 260 ha. Predstavljeno problematiko obravnavamo s treh vidikov, ki nam pomagajo razumeti dovzetnost nižinskih gozdnih fragmentov za invazije tujerodnih vrst rastlin (TVR). V prvem delu raziskave smo ocenili invadiranost fragmentov s prevladujočim hrastovo-gabrovim gozdom (Erythronio-Carpinion) ter raziskali tri glavne skupine ekoloških dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na invadiranost fragmentov: konfiguracija, abiotske značilnosti in človekove aktivnosti. Največji vpliv na vrstno bogastvo TVR v gozdnih fragmentih je imela konfiguracija fragmenta, in sicer njegova velikost in prisotnost urbanih površin v njegovi okolici. Raziskali smo različne tipe gozdnih robov glede na vertikalno strukturo vegetacije, sosednjo rabo tal in lego ter skušali oceniti njihov vpliv na prisotnost in sestavo TVR na gozdnih robovih. Struktura vegetacije gozdnega roba ni vplivala na število TVR na robu ali v notranjosti gozdov. Največje število TVR je bilo na južnih robovih in robovih, ki so mejili na naselja ali vodotoke. Število in delež TVR/ITVR ni naraščal linearno z večanjem fragmentacije, ampak se nakazuje kompleksnejši vzorec. V drugem delu naloge smo izhajali iz predpostavke, da je rob je mejni habitat gozdnega fragmenta, ki je podvržen vdoru tujerodnih vrst, kar smo potrdili v prvem delu naloge. Na nitrofilnih gozdnih robovih sta pogosti vrsti tujerodni indijski jagodnjak (Duchesnea indica) in njemu ekološko podobna avtohtona bršljanasta grenkuljica (Glechoma hederacea). Obe vrsti rasteta na odprtih rastiščih kot so travišča in ruderalna rastišča, na gozdnih robovih in v gozdni podrasti. Raziskali smo vpliv okoljskih dejavnikov na fiziološko-ekološke značilnosti obeh vrst. Najbolj variabilne lastnosti pri obeh so povezane s spolnim reproduktivnim potencialom, medtem ko je bila najmanj variabilna vsebnost suhe snovi. Bršljanasta grenkuljica na svetlih rastiščih vlaga energijo v spolni reproduktivni potencial, medtem ko rastline zasenčenih rastišč skoraj ne razvijejo cvetov in semen, vegetativna razrast pa je ojačana. Indijski jagodnjak za razliko od bršljanaste grenkuljice obilno cveti in semeni v vseh habitatih, vendar je že med rastlinami istega habitata prisotna velika variabilnost. Fenotipska plastičnost omogoča bršljanasti grenkuljici in indijskemu jagodnjaku prilagoditev na različne okoljske pogoje vključujoč različne antropogene motnje. Posledično obe vrsti izkazujeta dokaj konstanten fitnes vzdolž okoljskega gradienta in lahko uspevata v kontrastnih habitatih. Vrste s takšnimi značilnostmi so predprilagojene na nova okolja in se lahko hitro naturalizirajo. V tretjem delu naloge smo se osredotočili na problematiko odlaganja vrtnih odpadkov v gozdove. Tekom terenskega dela smo v 30% gozdnih fragmentov opazili vrtne odpadke, kjer smo pogosto našli več TVR kakor v fragmentih brez odpadkov. Z intervjuvanjem javnosti smo ocenili, da vsaj občasno odlaga vrtni odpad v gozdove 12% lastnikov vrtov. Večina lastnikov vrtov, ki odlaga vrtne odpadke v gozdove, meni, da s tem ne spodbujajo invazij TVR. Rezulati kažejo, da je potrebno ozaveščanje tarčnih skupin javnosti (lastniki vrtov z okrasnimi rastlinami) o problematiki (invazivnih) tujerodnih organizmov. S poznavanjem demografske strukture lastnikov vrtov, ki odlagajo vrtne odpadke v gozdove, smo pridobili podatke, s katerimi bi lahko učinkoviteje ozaveščali tarčne skupine javnosti.
Ključne besede:	mejni habitat, konfiguracija fragmenta, invazivni potencial, fenotipska plastičnost, okrasne rastline, vrtni odpadki
Kraj izida:	[Maribor
Založnik:	M. Šipek]
Leto izida:	2022
PID:	20.500.12556/DKUM-81866
UDK:	581.5:628.4.042(043.3)
COBISS.SI-ID:	133056515
Datum objave v DKUM:	12.12.2022
Število ogledov:	1007
Število prenosov:	152
Metapodatki:
Področja:	FNM
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Licence

Licenca:	CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Nekomercialno-Brez predelav 4.0 Mednarodna

Povezava:	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.sl
Opis:	Najbolj omejujoča licenca Creative Commons. Uporabniki lahko prenesejo in delijo delo v nekomercialne namene in ga ne smejo uporabiti za nobene druge namene.
Začetek licenciranja:	12.06.2022

Sekundarni jezik

Jezik:	Angleški jezik
Naslov:	Alien plants in lowland forest fragments: the impact of forest edge characteristics and anthropogenic activities
Opis:	The lowland part of NE Slovenia is dominated by an intensive agricultural landscape, in which forest fragments (FF) of various sizes are embedded. FF have an important role in maintaining local biodiversity, however, their function is threatened by (invasive) alien species. In the presented study we included 48 forest fragments of Dravsko polje and Apaško polje with an area from 0.1 to 260 ha. In this thesis we assessed three hierarchical aspects to understand better the susceptibility of lowland FF to alien plant species (APS) invasions. In the first part, we assessed the invasion of FF of the predominant Illyrian oak-hornbeam forest (Erythronio-Carpinion) and investigated three groups of ecological factors influencing FF invasibility: fragment configuration, abiotic characteristics, and anthropogenic activities. Our results reveal that the configuration of a FF, particularly its area, and urban areas in the surrounding buffer zone, had the greatest impact on the APS richness in FF. Further, we identified different types of forest edges according to the vertical structure of vegetation, neighboring land use and exposition. and assessed their impact on the APS richness and composition on forest edges. While the vertical structure had no effect on the APS richness at the edge or in FF interior, the exposition has a key role in the APS establishing process. The highest APS richness was at southern edges and edges bordering settlements or watercourses. APS richness did not increase linearly with increasing fragmentation but exhibited much more complex patterns. In the second part we shift our focus in descending spatial scale to the habitat level of the forest edge. We demonstrated that the edge is the boundary and transition zone habitat of a FF and as such it is exposed to the APS invasion. We further show, studying two common species of nitrophilous forest edges alien Duchesnea indica and ecologically similar native Glechoma hederacea, what plant traits are necessary for survival and dominance in the forest edge habitat. We investigated the effect of environmental factors on the ecophysiological traits of both species, comparing them also among contrasting habitats since both plants grow in open habitats, forest edges and understorey. The most variable traits were related to sexual reproductive potential, while the least variable was the dry matter content. Moreover, G. hederacea from open habitats invested more energy in sexual reproduction, while plants from shaded habitats hardly developed flowers and seeds while their vegetative growth was enhanced. Conversely, D. indica was flowering and developed seeds abundantly in all habitats. These results are important for increased understanding in what manner the phenotypic plasticity allows both plant species to adapt to various environmental conditions including different anthropogenic disturbances. Phenotypic plasticity enables plants to thrive in contrasting habitats whereby exhibiting a fairly constant fitness along environmental gradients. Our work presents additional proofs that some species are pre-adapted to new environments and can be quickly naturalized. We further recognized that the forest edge is frequently penetrated by anthropogenic activities promoting APS. Therefore, in the third part, we focus particularly on the problems arising from presence of garden waste in FF, which were present in 30% of investigated FF. More frequent APS presence was correlated to the garden waste presence. Here, using a survey to interview the public, we demonstrate that 12% of garden owners (GO) disposed garden waste in forests occasionally at least. Most of these GO do not believe that such activities promote APS invasions. Our results demonstrate that it is important to know the demographic structure of GO as well as their perception of the problematics regarding (invasive) alien organisms. These results are important for awareness raising of target groups of the public effectively.
Ključne besede:	edge habitat, fragment configuration, invasive potential, phenotypic plasticity, ornamental plants, garden waste

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