| Naslov: | Competitive ranges of timber, concrete, and steel beams based on cost optimization and sensitivity analysis, including CO2 emission costs |
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| Avtorji: | ID Kravanja, Stojan (Avtor)
ID Žula, Tomaž (Avtor) |
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| Datoteke: |  buildings-16-02867.pdf (2,26 MB)
MD5: 9BFB75BD690232F68678DFA238DDB427
 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/16/14/2867
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| Jezik: | Angleški jezik |
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| Vrsta gradiva: | Članek v reviji |
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| Tipologija: | 1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek |
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| Organizacija: | FGPA - Fakulteta za gradbeništvo, prometno inženirstvo in arhitekturo
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| Opis: | This paper examines the competitive ranges of timber, steel, and reinforced concrete beams, determined using multi-parameter cost optimization that includes global warming costs (CO2 emissions) associated with beam production. Simply supported beams subjected to self-weight and uniform imposed loads were optimized using discrete mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP). The objective functions included material, energy, labor, and CO2 emission costs associated only with manufacturing. Concrete remains the most cost-effective material across nearly all configurations, with glulam and steel being 2.3 and 2.8 times more expensive, respectively. Sawn timber outperforms concrete (by 9.5%) only at short spans (7.5 m) and low loads (10 kN/m1). Environmentally, timber yields the lowest manufacturing footprint, while steel and concrete emit 3.0 and 1.8 times more CO2 than glulam. Currently, CO2 emission costs average just 3.8% of total costs. However, a sensitivity analysis shows that extreme carbon taxes break concrete’s monopoly, increasing its costs by up to 637.4% and making timber the cheapest option for low-to-medium loads. Concrete is resilient to material price shocks at larger scales but highly vulnerable to rising labor rates (up to a 66.3% increase). While current carbon pricing is too low to influence material selection, future substantial tax escalations will shift structural competitiveness toward timber. |
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| Ključne besede: | timber beams, steel beams, reinforced concrete beams, cost optimization, discrete optimization, mixed-integer non-linear programming, global warming costs, CO2 emissions, sensitivity analysis |
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| Status publikacije: | Objavljeno |
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| Verzija publikacije: | Objavljena publikacija |
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| Poslano v recenzijo: | 29.05.2026 |
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| Datum sprejetja članka: | 16.07.2026 |
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| Datum objave: | 18.07.2026 |
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| Založnik: | MDPI |
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| Leto izida: | 2026 |
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| Št. strani: | 33 str. |
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| Številčenje: | Vol. 16, issue 14, [article no.] 2867 |
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| PID: | 20.500.12556/DKUM-98936  |
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| UDK: | 624:504.7 |
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| COBISS.SI-ID: | 285391619 |
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| DOI: | 10.3390/buildings16142867 |
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| ISSN pri članku: | 2075-5309 |
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| Datum objave v DKUM: | 20.07.2026 |
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| Število ogledov: | 319 |
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| Število prenosov: | 13 |
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| Metapodatki: |    |
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| Področja: | Ostalo
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