KRIMINOLOŠKI VIDIKI VOJNIH HUDODELSTEV IN HUDODELSTEV ZOPER ČLOVEČNOST

Eraković, Ljubomir

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Title:	KRIMINOLOŠKI VIDIKI VOJNIH HUDODELSTEV IN HUDODELSTEV ZOPER ČLOVEČNOST
Authors:	ID Eraković, Ljubomir (Author) ID Dežman, Zlatan (Mentor) More about this mentor...
Files:	UNI_Erakovic_Ljubomir_2010.pdf (493,18 KB) MD5: D61ABF8D98BB8FEFCBF212036BAF3C1D PID: 20.500.12556/dkum/3dc0978f-ddee-4a81-9652-0c7a8c9a6ed8
Language:	Slovenian
Work type:	Undergraduate thesis
Organization:	PF - Faculty of Law
Abstract:	Pričujoče diplomsko delo obravnava kriminološke vidike odklonskega obnašanja, ki ga mednarodno pravo uvršča med vojna hudodelstva in hudodelstva zoper človečnost. Oboje vključuje kazniva dejanja kot so umor, mučenje, posilstvo in množično pobijanje ali pokole, ki so storjeni v kontekstu vojne in oboroženih spopadov. Za vojskovanje so vedno bile značilne zakonske ali konvencionalne meje, ki ločujejo bojevanje od kriminala. Vojna od posameznikov zahteva obnašanje, ki je v nasprotju z njihovimi lastnimi interesi oz. tveganje življenj za domovino ali njene cilje. Zaradi tega zahteva nekakšno legitimacijsko ideologijo. Vojni zločini so proizvod interakcije med individualno in organizacijsko odklonskostjo. Motivi voditeljev, ki ukazujejo ali dovoljujejo zločine so lahko precej različni od motivov neposrednih izvrševalcev, ki so pogosto tako emocionalni kot instrumentalni. Tako kot druge oblike organizirane kriminalitete, vojni zločini zahtevajo analizo na treh ravneh: strukturni ali družbeni, institucionalni in individualni. V tem oziru to lahko pomeni naslednje: upoštevanje konvencionalnih pravil se ne spodbuja, vojaški poveljniki sprejemajo kriminalno početje kot dejavnik strategije in posamezni bojevniki imajo motive za kršitev norm, ki pretehtajo razloge za njihovo upoštevanje. Poleg tradicionalnih vidikov, visoko tehnološka oborožitev v moderni družbi omogoča nove oblike odklonskosti v kontekstu vojne: ločevanje odločitve in dejanja ter pobijanje z razdalje z minimalnim tveganjem. Takšno depersonalizirano nasilje lahko povzroči uničevanje življenj in premoženja civilistov ogromnih razmer, ki se običajno zagovarja kot neizogibna sila, vojaška nujnost ali postranska škoda ter kot podobni evfemizmi. Množične poboje najdemo v večini vojn, od starodavnih do modernih, in ne samo kot ekscese ampak kot njihovo sestavno dimenzijo. Vendar se takšna oblika destrukcije včasih spremeni v blaznost. Izvajalci množičnih pobojev določajo le-tem specifične politične in strateške cilje. Ti cilji se lahko spremenijo s potekom akcije, mednarodnega konteksta, reakcije žrtev ali drugih spremenljivk. Razlikujemo dva osnovna tipa ciljev povezanih s procesom delnega ali celo popolnega uničenja neke skupnosti: podjarmljenje ali izkoreninjenje. Navadni ljudje, ki samo opravljajo svoje delo, brez posebne osebne sovražnosti, lahko postanejo posredniki v zastrašujoče destruktivnem procesu množičnega pobijanja. Storilci uporabljajo različne tehnike nevtralizacije in racionalizacije kot izgovor za kršitev moralnih norm in izključitev žrtev iz moralnih ozirov. Skupinski konformistični pritiski na posameznika ta proces dodatno okrepijo. Toda običajne razlage, kot so poslušnost avtoriteti in skupinski konformistični pritiski, ne upoštevajo dejavnika neutemeljene krutosti oziroma vneme, ki presega službeno dolžnost, ki jo izkazujejo številni udeleženci grozodejstev in množičnih pobojev. Vojna hudodelstva in hudodelstva zoper človečnost lahko opazujemo kot smrtonosno medsebojno delovanje racionalne politične odločitve ter iracionalnih ali emocionalnih procesov, ki jih takšna odločitev lahko sproži.
Keywords:	kriminologija, vojna hudodelstva, hudodelstva zoper človečnost, kriminaliteta države, vojaška kriminaliteta
Place of publishing:	Maribor
Publisher:	[L. Eraković]
Year of publishing:	2010
PID:	20.500.12556/DKUM-16462
UDC:	34(043.2)
COBISS.SI-ID:	4143915
NUK URN:	URN:SI:UM:DK:FCBKOMPU
Publication date in DKUM:	28.10.2010
Views:	3509
Downloads:	397
Metadata:
Categories:	PF
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Secondary language

Language:	English
Title:	CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
Abstract:	This diploma thesis treats criminological perspectives of deviant behaviour classified in international law as war crimes and crimes against humanity. Both includes criminal acts such as unlawful killing, torture, rape and mass killing or massacres that are committed in context of war and armed conflicts. Warfare has always been characterised by some legal or conventional boundary, which distinguishes soldering from crime. War requires individuals to behave in ways quite contrary to their interests risking death from their country or their cause. It therefore requires some legitimating ideology. War crimes are the product of an interaction between individual and organisational deviance. The motives of leaders who order or condone atrocities may be quite different from the motives of the actual perpetrators, which are often as much emotional as instrumental. Like other forms of organisational crime, war crimes require analyses on tree levels: structural or societal, institutional and individual. It means respectively: there is no incentive to abide conventional rules, military commanders adopt criminal course of conduct as a matter of strategy and individual combatants have motives for breaking rules which outweigh the reasons for following them. Aside from traditional perspectives, high-technology weaponry in modern society makes possible some new forms of deviance in context of war: separation of decision from action and killing from distance, at minimal risk. Such depersonalised violence can cause massive level of destruction of civilian life and property usually defended as inevitable force, military necessity or collateral damage and similar euphemism. Massacres can be found in most wars, both ancient to modern, and not merely as excesses of war but as part of its actual dimensions. However, such types of destruction sometimes turn »mad«. Those who commit massacres attribute specific political or strategic aims to them. These aims can, however, change with the course of the action, the international context, the victim’s reaction, or other variables. There are two fundamental types of objectives linked to the process of partial and even total destruction of a community: its subjugation and its eradication. Ordinary people simply doing their jobs, without any particular hostility on their part, can became agents in a terrible destructive process of mass killing. Perpetrators use different techniques of neutralisation and rationalisations as an excuse for braking moral rules and to exclude victims from moral universe. Peer pressure to conform facilitates this process. Conventional explanations such as obedience to authority and peer pressure or conformist behaviour do not account form element of gratuitous cruelty, of zeal beyond the call of official duty, display my many participants of atrocities and mass killing. We can consider war crimes and crimes against humanity as lethal interplay between rational political calculation and the irrational or emotional process that such calculations may set in train.
Keywords:	criminology, war crimes, crimes against humanity, state crime, military crime

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