PRAVNA UREDITEV ODPRTEGA MORJA

Luthar, Denis

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Title:	PRAVNA UREDITEV ODPRTEGA MORJA
Authors:	ID Luthar, Denis (Author) ID Tratnik, Matjaž (Mentor) More about this mentor...
Files:	UN_Luthar_Denis_2015.pdf (1,68 MB) MD5: 212A16431A4633F4745625EA5EAC5647
Language:	Slovenian
Work type:	Undergraduate thesis
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	PF - Faculty of Law
Abstract:	S pojavom globalizacije je odprto morje postalo osnovni povezovalni člen vseh narodov sveta. Velika večina transporta dobrin v svetovni trgovini poteka po morskih poteh. Na njem se izvajajo tudi posamezne turistične in druge zabavne aktivnosti kot so križarjenje, jadranje, potapljanje itd. Odprto morje, kot pomemben vir prehrambene industrije ter ostalih ekonomskih disciplin, državam nudi široka območja za ribolov in drugačne oblike izkoriščanja svojih naravnih bogastev. Zaradi iskanja naravnih virov, kot so nafta in zemeljski plin, države na njem gradijo umetne otoke, naftne ploščadi in druge objekte. Predstavlja tudi pomembno sredstvo komunikacije, na morskem in oceanskem dnu pa se za ta namen polagajo podmorski kabli in cevovodi. Z razvojem tehnologije je odprto morje postalo tudi dostopnejše za znanstveno raziskovanje. Največje težave pa pri dejavnostih na odprtem morju predstavljajo prekomerno izkoriščanje živih bogastev, onesnaženje, poseganje v občutljive morske ekosisteme in življenjsko okolje ogroženih živalskih vrst ter nekatere vrste kaznivih dejanj, med katerimi je najbolj problematično piratstvo. Zaradi vsega navedenega je izrednega pomena, da so pravice in obveznosti držav v odnosu do odprtega morja natančno določene s predpisi mednarodnega prava. S pravili mednarodnega značaja in primernim mehanizmom za reševanje sporov se tako zagotavlja svetovni red in mir. Odprto morje je objekt mednarodnega prava, s Konvencijo o pomorskem mednarodnem pravu iz leta 1982 pa je določen njegov pravni položaj, ki narekuje šest osnovnih svoboščin. Med njimi so pravica svobodne plovbe, pravica preletanja, svobodno polaganje podmorskih kablov in cevovodov, pravica do gradnje umetnih otokov in drugih objektov, upravičenje do svobodnega ribolova ter pravica do znanstvenega raziskovanja. Izvajanje naštetih svoboščin pa ne sme ovirati interesov drugih držav. Uporaba odprtega morja je omejena za miroljubne namene, upravičeni subjekti pa si ne morejo veljavno prilaščati njegovih delov. Konvencija v okviru pravice o svobodni plovbi določa tudi obveznosti držav v zvezi z registracijo ladij in uporabo državne zastave. Nadalje Konvencija prepoveduje kazniva dejanja piratstva, transporta sužnjev, prometa z drogami in nepooblaščenega radijskega oddajanja na odprtem morju ter natančno opredeljuje pravico do zasledovanja v primeru lova na kriminalce. Države poziva k sodelovanju in jih obvezuje k sprejemanju ukrepov za ohranjanje živih bogastev odprtega morja ter ukrepov za varovanje morskega okolja. V nalogi je opredeljen pravni okvir, v katerem so zajete najpomembnejše pravne značilnosti odprtega morja, splošna načela in določbe ter posamezne pravice in obveznosti držav iz glavnih področij njegove uporabe. Predstavljeno je tudi Mednarodno sodišče za pomorsko mednarodno pravo kot poglavitni organ odločanja v sporih v zvezi z uporabo in razlago mednarodnopravnih določb odprtega morja. Z obravnavo izbranih primerov iz njegove prakse je natančneje razložena vsebina nekaterih načel in splošnih določb.
Keywords:	pomorsko mednarodno pravo, odprto morje, režim odprtega morja, ohranjanje in gospodarjenje z živimi bogastvi odprtega morja, znanstveno raziskovanje, varovanje in ohranjanje morskega okolja, pregon piratov, UNCLOS, ITLOS
Place of publishing:	Maribor
Publisher:	[D. Luthar]
Year of publishing:	2015
PID:	20.500.12556/DKUM-48377
UDC:	344(043.2)
COBISS.SI-ID:	4925483
NUK URN:	URN:SI:UM:DK:S2VVTIFO
Publication date in DKUM:	07.07.2015
Views:	2999
Downloads:	542
Metadata:
Categories:	PF
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Secondary language

Language:	English
Title:	THE LEGAL REGIME OF THE HIGH SEAS
Abstract:	With the emergence of globalization, the high seas (a.k.a. the open sea) have become the primary link of all the nations of the world. The vast majority of transport of goods in the world trade is carried out on sea routes. It is an object of the individual tourist and other fun activities such as cruising, sailing, diving, etc. The high seas, as an important source of food industry and other economic sectors, offers vast areas for fishing and other forms of exploitation of natural resources to all States. In searching of natural resources such as oil and natural gas, countries are building artificial islands, oil platforms and other installations on the high seas. High seas also represent an important means of communication and for that end countries are laying submarine cables and pipelines on the ocean floor. With the development of technology the high seas have also become more accessible for scientific research. The biggest problems concerning the activities on the high seas are over-exploitation of living resources, pollution, interference with vulnerable marine ecosystems and habitats of endangered species as well as certain types of criminal offenses, among which the most problematic is piracy. For all these reasons it is imperative that the rights and obligations of States in relation to the open sea are precisely determined with international law. With international rules of law and the appropriate dispute settlement system global peace and order is ensured. The open sea is subject to the law of nations while the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 is determining its legal status which states six basic freedoms of the high seas. Among them are freedom of navigation, freedom of overflight, freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines, freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations, freedom of fishing and freedom of scientific research. The exercise of these freedoms must not interfere with the interests of other States. The open sea is reserved for peaceful purposes only and any claims of sovereignty over the high seas are invalid. In regard to the freedom of navigation, the Convention on the Law of the Sea specifies the set of duties for every State in respect to registering ships and using the flag of a State. Furthermore, the Convention prohibits acts of piracy, the transport of slaves, drug trafficking and unauthorized broadcasting on the high seas, and clearly specifies the right of hot pursuit in case if it comes to chasing criminals. It calls on the Member States to cooperate and obliges them to take measures for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas and to protect the marine environment. Our objective is to define the legal framework in which the most important legal aspects of the high seas, general principles, general provisions and the main individual rights and obligations of States in regard to open sea are covered. Presented is the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea as the main decision-making body in disputes relating to the application and interpretation of international rules with respect to the high seas. The content of some of the principles and general provisions is precisely explained with the help of a few selected cases from the Tribunal's practice.
Keywords:	the Law of the Sea, high seas, the legal regime of the high seas, conservation and management of the living resources of the high seas, scientific research, protection and preservation of the marine environment, repression of piracy, UNCLOS, ITLOS

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