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Title:ANALIZA DOMNEVNO »NEPOŠTENE« POSLOVNE PRAKSE PRI USTANAVLJANJU IN DELOVANJU DRUŽB Z OMEJENO ODGOVORNOSTJO; PREGLED AKTUALNEGA STANJA IN PRAVNI INSTRUMENTI ZA NJENO ZAJEZITEV
Authors:ID Gajšek, Romana (Author)
ID Prelič, Saša (Mentor) More about this mentor... New window
Files:.pdf MAG_Gajsek_Romana_2016.pdf (1,45 MB)
MD5: AE1F240AB630D0AF1C3802C9F6EAB59A
 
Language:Slovenian
Work type:Master's thesis
Typology:2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization:PF - Faculty of Law
Abstract:Akterji na trgu podjetništva praviloma ustanavljajo gospodarske družbe zaradi pridobivanja dobička. Najbolj priljubljena je družba z omejeno odgovornostjo. Primerna je za koncentracijo manjšega kapitala (srednja in manjša podjetja). Ni pa nujno, da je razlog za ustanovitev d.o.o.-ja pridobivanje dobička. Razlogi so lahko različni, eni so zakoniti in legitimni, drugi ne. Poslovna praksa vedno znova iznajde modele domnevne »nepoštene« prakse. Ti so predstavljeni v nalogi. Analizirajo se pojavi družb brez podjetja, neaktivne družbe – plaščne družbe in družbe na zalogo ter trgovanje z njimi in njihova uporabnost. Najbolj aktualna sta pojava veriženja »podjetij«: ustanavljanje družb na zalogo in prodaja le-teh ter feniksove družbe (prenos podjetij in poslovanja družbe iz »bolne« na »zdravo« družbo ter opuščanje stare družbe z obveznostmi in tako naprej). Pojav feniksove družbe je v slovenskem prostoru že znan iz časov uvedbe prvotnega ZGD-ja, ustanavljanje družb na zalogo ter trgovanje z njimi pa se je razširilo po uvedbi informacijske tehnologije na področju prava družb in vzpostavitvi brezplačnih eVem točk. Da bi učinkoviteje preprečevali škodljivost teh pojavov, obstaja vrsta instrumentov za njihovo zajezitev. Naloga jih na enem mestu poskuša strniti in predstaviti njihove bistvene lastnosti. Posebej se kritično opredeli do instituta izbrisa pravne osebe brez likvidacije ter osebne odgovornosti družbenikov predvsem glede razloga izbrisa nepredložitev letnih poročil v dveh zaporednih letih na AJPES. Naloga je kritična tudi do noveliranih določb ZGD-1I, ki bi naj preprečevale veriženje (časovne omejitve ustanavljanja d.o.o.-jev na tri mesece, ničnost tistih posojil v okviru načela ohranjanja osnovnega kapitala, ki so omejena le na zakonsko predpisan minimalni osnovni kapital …). Ugotavlja se tudi, da obstoji le malo judikatov glede uporabe prikazanih institutov, je pa več izbrisanih družb brez likvidacije. Izpostavlja se pomanjkanje preventivne kontrole sodnega registra v zvezi z registracijo d.o.o.-jev in razumevanje vloge notarja na področju prava družb. Poudarek notarjeve vloge pri d.o.o.-jih je v svetovalni in pojasnilni dolžnosti, posebej glede opozoril v zvezi s prebojem načelne neodgovornosti družbenikov za obveznosti družbe. Glede na to, da je Slovenija prevzela regulativo na področju družb z omejeno odgovornostjo ter sodnega registra iz Nemčije in Avstrije, se je pregledala njihova zakonodaja in sodna praksa. Naloga ugotavlja, da sta se obe državi soočali s podobnimi pojavi. Obe imata na razpolago tudi podoben instrumentarij institutov za zajezitev, kot je pri nas. Vendar pa izkazujeta bogato sodno prakso glede uporabe le-teh. Poznata tudi izbris družb po uradni dolžnosti brez likvidacije, ni pa najti zakonsko predpisane posebne osebne odgovornosti družbenikov. Nobena od držav nima časovne omejitve v zvezi z ustanavljanjem d.o.o.-jev, niti ne posebne zaščite le zakonsko predpisanega minimalnega osnovnega kapitala. Ugotavlja se, da imata obe državi učinkovito razdelano preventivno preprečevanje teh pojavov. Prvi v vrsti je to notar, ključno vlogo kontrole pa izvaja s svojo kreativnostjo predvsem v okviru preizkusa materialnopravnih predpostavk sodni register. Tako se je v registrski praksi razvil pojem razgrnitev družbe na zalogo/plaščne družbe, v Nemčiji tudi gospodarska nova ustanovitev. Zaradi pritiskov konkurenčnih sistemov ustanavljanja in delovanja družb z omejeno odgovornostjo po državah EU in težnjah po liberalizaciji in zniževanju stroškov, sta obe državi ubranili načelo varstva upnikov. Z uvedbo novih podoblik d.o.o.-jev (podjetniška družba in d.o.o. z ustanovitvenim privilegijem) sta hkrati sprejeli stroga pravila o zagotavljanju in ohranjanju (osnovnega) kapitala ter ohranili pristojnost notarja.
Keywords:plaščna družba, družba ustanovljena na zalogo, veriženje podjetij, feniksova družba, razgrnitev družbe na zalogo in razgrnitev plaščne družbe, gospodarska nova ustanovitev, notar, sodni register.
Place of publishing:Maribor
Publisher:[R. Gajšek]
Year of publishing:2016
PID:20.500.12556/DKUM-61259 New window
UDC:347.72.032(043.3)
COBISS.SI-ID:5201707 New window
NUK URN:URN:SI:UM:DK:ZLBIMY2S
Publication date in DKUM:24.10.2016
Views:2205
Downloads:234
Metadata:XML DC-XML DC-RDF
Categories:PF
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Secondary language

Language:English
Title:The analysis of the alleged "unfair" business practice in the incorporation and operation of limited companies; overview of present situation and legal instruments to limit it
Abstract:Market players in the field of entrepreneurship establish corporations in order to gain profit. The most popular is a limited liability company. It is suitable for a concentration of small capital (medium and small companies). However, it is not necessary that the reason for establishing LLC is gaining profit. The reasons may be different, one are legal and legitimate, others not. Business practice is always inventing models of alleged “unfair” practice. These are presented in this paper. The phenomena of corporations have been analysed excluding companies, inactive companies - shell and shelf companies and trading with them and their usefulness. The most topical phenomenon of chaining the "undertakings": the establishment of shelf companies and their sale and the Phoenix company. The Phoenix company has been already known in the Slovenian area from the time of the introduction of the original Companies Act, establishment of shelf companies and trading with them has become widely used by the introduction of information technology in the field of company law and by establishing free eVem points. In order to effectively prevent the harmfulness of these events, there are a number of instruments to curtail them. The thesis tries to summarize them and presents their essential properties. It is critical to cancellation of a legal person without liquidation and the personal liability of members in particular with regard to the reason of the cancellation due to failure to submit annual reports to AJPES in two consecutive years. The task is also critical the amendments of the Companies Act-1 which should prevent chaining. It is also noted that there is only few Slovenian case regarding the use of the displayed institutes, and there are more erased companies without going into liquidation. Lack of preventive controls of the judicial record has been highlighted relating to registration of LLC and understanding of the role of a notary in the area of company law. The focus of the role of the notary in LLC is an advisory and explanatory one, especially with regard to warnings in connection with the principle of irresponsibility of shareholders for the company's obligations. Given that Slovenia has adopted regulations for limited liability companies and the register of companies from Germany as well as Austria, their legislation and case law has been examined. The thesis notes that both countries has been faced with similar phenomena. Both countries have similar instruments to reduce such practice. They exhibit a rich jurisprudence regarding the use of thereof. They know deletion of companies ex officio without liquidation, but there is no specific statutory personal liability of members. None of the countries has time limits in relation to the establishment of LLC, nor the specific protection of a statutory minimum share capital. The thesis further notes that both countries have elaborated effective preventive prevention of these phenomena. First, there is a notary, and the key control is carried out by the register of companies through their creativity, especially in the context of testing substantive assumptions. Thus, in practice, the registry has developed a concept of the shelf company, in Germany, also the economic new establishment. Due to the pressures of competing systems for the establishment and operation of limited liability companies across the EU and a tendency towards liberalization and reducing costs, both countries have defended the principle of the protection of creditors. By introduction of new subforms of LLC they have adopted stringent provisions in relation to securing and maintaining (share) capital, as well as maintained the competence of a notary.
Keywords:shell company. Shelf company, chaining companies, phoenix company, unveiling the shelf company and the unveiling of the shell company, the new economic establishment, notary, register of companies.


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