Pravna vprašanja državljanstva pri sukcesiji držav : magistrsko delo

Krbanjević, Duško

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Title:	Pravna vprašanja državljanstva pri sukcesiji držav : magistrsko delo
Authors:	ID Krbanjević, Duško (Author) ID Tratnik, Matjaž (Mentor) More about this mentor...
Files:	MAG_Krbanjevic_Dusko_2020.pdf (477,52 KB) MD5: 3E41A61515D8695FE1D96428DFD0EF5A PID: 20.500.12556/dkum/0fccb903-f058-4a62-9506-527b9bdaf0b4
Language:	Slovenian
Work type:	Master's thesis/paper
Typology:	2.09 - Master's Thesis
Organization:	PF - Faculty of Law
Abstract:	Obstoječa literatura in praksa ponujata več pojmovanj državljanstva, a ta v moderni teoriji obsega zlasti dva pomena. Na eni strani pravni status osebe, na drugi strani pa razmerje med posameznikom in državo. Države so razvile zapletene sisteme pravil, ki urejajo pridobitev in izgubo državljanstva. Zakonodaja na tem področju lahko predstavlja močno politično orodje, zato je pomembna prepoved arbitrarnosti. V tem smislu je pomembna Evropska konvencija o državljanstvu, katere cilj je bil konsolidacija pravil v povezavi z državljanstvom v enoten akt, prav tako pa ta naslavlja tudi vprašanja v povezavi s sukcesijo držav. Slednjo lahko po drugi strani definiramo kot proces, v katerem država naslednica vstopi v pravna razmerja države predhodnice. Oblik sukcesije poznamo več, vsem pa je skupna teritorialna sprememba. Problem sukcesije je v mednarodnem pravu še posebno kompleksen, saj se je veliko pravil izoblikovalo ad-hoc v samih primerih, mednarodna skupnost pa teh pravil ne izvaja konsistentno. Državljanstvo in sukcesijo je zato nujno združevati v kontekstu človekovih pravic. Običajno je tako vprašanje državljanstva v povezavi z sukcesijo odvisno od prava države predhodnice in naslednice. Pravo predhodnice določa, v kolikšni meri bodo prebivalci ozemlja, ki je predmet sukcesije, zadržali svoje državljanstvo po zamenjavi suverenosti. Po drugi strani pravo države naslednice določa pogoje, pod katerimi bodo lahko prebivalci pridobili novo državljanstvo. Čeprav običajno velja, da državljanstvo sledi zamenjavi suverenosti, pa je država naslednica določa, kaj se bo zgodilo z ljudmi, ki so na območju naslednice rojeni ali pa tam stalno prebivajo ter tistimi, ki so rojeni staršem, ki so državljani države predhodnice. Na tej točki pogosto prihaja do neustreznega ravnanja države naslednice, ki lahko rezultira v kršenju človekovih pravic, kot se je to zgodilo v primeru t. i. izbrisanih, kjer je kršitve potrdilo tudi ESČP v zadevi Kurić. Dodatno lahko zadevo zaplete državljanstvo EU, saj kljub določenih podobnostim ne obstaja primer, ki bi predstavljal analogijo na tem področju, do pomembnejše sukcesije v Evropski uniji namreč še ni prišlo. Prav zato sta primera Katalonije in Škotske, kot primera močnih secesionističnih gibanj v državi članici edinstvena, in lahko v prihodnosti prineseta določene precedense. Znotraj Unije namreč ni enotnih pravil, niti mnenja, kako pristopati k sukcesiji, saj prav tako niso vse članice ratificirale mednarodnih aktov na tem področju. Podobno je težko predvideti, kako bi Unija pristopila k reševanju sukcesije znotraj svojih meja, saj bi morala država naslednica ponovno začeti postopek pristopanja. Prav tako je Brexit aktualen primer, ki prinaša nova, pomembna vprašanja glede državljanstva in zlasti v zvezi z njim povezanih pravic za državljane članic EU v Združenem kraljestvu ter za državljane Združenega kraljestva v Uniji. V skladu s Sporazumom EU in Združenega kraljestva o izstopu je vzpostavljeno prehodno obdobje, po koncu katerega bodo lahko osebe, ki so pred koncem tega obdobja zakonito vzpostavile prebivališče, to pravico tudi obdržale, kar pa velja tako za državljane Združenega kraljestva v Uniji, kot tudi državljane EU v Združenem kraljestvu. Glede na določitve sporazuma lahko zaključimo, da je ta smiselno v skladu z doktrino Kurić. V skladu z njo je potrebno posameznikom omogočiti, da po sukcesiji ohranijo stalno prebivališče, tudi kadar državljanstva države naslednice ne bi mogli ali želeli pridobiti, v kolikor so pred sukcesijo na ozemlju stalno prebivali.
Keywords:	Državljanstvo, sukcesija, človekove pravice, državljanstvo EU, brezdomovinstvo, dekolonizacija, Evropska konvencija o državljanstvu, doktrina Kurić.
Place of publishing:	[Maribor
Place of performance:	[Maribor
Publisher:	D. Krbanjević]
Year of publishing:	2020
Number of pages:	38 str.
PID:	20.500.12556/DKUM-76523
UDC:	342.71(043.3)
COBISS.SI-ID:	21219843
NUK URN:	URN:SI:UM:DK:1ICFZL5E
Publication date in DKUM:	01.07.2020
Views:	1298
Downloads:	145
Metadata:
Categories:	PF
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Licences

License:	CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International

Link:	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Description:	The most restrictive Creative Commons license. This only allows people to download and share the work for no commercial gain and for no other purposes.
Licensing start date:	04.06.2020

Secondary language

Language:	English
Title:	Legal Issues of Nationality in Relation to Succession of States
Abstract:	Existing literature and practice provide several definitions of citizenship, although in modern theory, it mostly has two meanings, the legal status of a person, and the relationship between the individual and the state, respectively. States have developed complex systems of rules on the acquisition and loss of citizenship. The laws in this field can be a powerful political tool, so prohibition of arbitrariness is important. In this context, the European Convention on Nationality is important, as it aims to consolidate rules on citizenship into a single act, as well as addressing issues related to the succession of countries. The latter can be defined as the process by which the successor country enters the legal relations of the predecessor country. Multiple possibilities of succession are known, but they all have a territorial change in common. The problem of succession is particularly complex in international law, as many rules have been developed ad-hoc in different cases, and the international community has not consistently implemented those rules. It is therefore essential to combine citizenship and succession in the context of human rights. Usually, a question of citizenship in connection to succession depends on the law of the predecessor and successor states. The law of the predecessor state determines the extent to which the inhabitants of the territory subject to succession will retain their citizenship after the change of sovereignty. On the other hand, the law of the successor state sets out the conditions under which residents will be able to acquire new citizenship. Although citizenship is generally considered to follow the replacement of sovereignty, the successor state determines what will happen to people who are born or reside in the successor area and to those born to parents who are nationals of the predecessor country. At this point, the misconduct of the successor country often results in a violation of human rights, as was the case with the Erased, where the ECtHR in Kurić and others v. Slovenia confirmed the violations. EU citizenship can further complicate the matter, since, despite certain similarities, there is no case that would provide an analogy, since no significant succession has occurred in the European Union. Therefore, the cases of Catalonia and Scotland, as examples of strong secessionist movements in a Member State, are unique and may set some precedents in the future. There are no uniform rules within the Union, nor a common opinion on how to approach succession, as not all Member States have ratified international instruments in this field. Similarly, it is difficult to predict how the Union would approach succession resolution within its borders, as the successor country should be required to re-start the accession process. Brexit is also an up-to-date case that raises new, important questions about citizenship and related rights. Under the EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement, a transitional period is established after which persons who have legally established their residence before the end of this period, will be able to retain this right, which applies to both UK citizens living in the Union and EU citizens in the UK. Considering the provisions of the agreement, we can conclude that it is reasonably in accordance with the Kurić doctrine. According to this doctrine, it should be possible for individuals to remain permanently resident after succession, even when the citizenship of the successor State could not or would be sought if they had resided in the territory before the succession.
Keywords:	Nationality, succession, human rights, EU citizenship, statelessness, decolonisation, European Convention on Nationality, Kurić doctrine.

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