| Title: | The impact of temperature and the duration of freezing on a hydrogel used for a 3d-bioprinted in vitro skin model |
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| Authors: | ID Sever, Maja (Author)
ID Škrinjar, Dominik (Author)
ID Maver, Tina (Author)
ID Belak, Monika (Author)
ID Zupanič, Franc (Author)
ID Anžel, Ivan (Author)
ID Zidarič, Tanja (Author) |
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| Files: |  biomedicines-12-02028.pdf (4,94 MB)
MD5: 7AE6305BF57B4C8CF96D1F0FEA8CD56E
 https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/9/2028
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| Language: | English |
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| Work type: | Article |
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| Typology: | 1.01 - Original Scientific Article |
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| Organization: | MF - Faculty of Medicine
FS - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
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| Abstract: | Skin bioprinting has the potential to revolutionize treatment approaches for injuries and surgical procedures, while also providing a valuable platform for assessing and screening cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. This technology offers key advantages, including flexibility and reproducibility, which enable the creation of complex, multilayered scaffolds that closely mimic the intricate microenvironment of native skin tissue. The development of an ideal hydrogel is critical for the successful bioprinting of these scaffolds with incorporated cells. In this study, we used a hydrogel formulation developed in our laboratory to fabricate a 3D-bioprinted skin model. The hydrogel composition was carefully selected based on its high compatibility with human skin cells, incorporating alginate, methyl cellulose, and nanofibrillated cellulose. One of the critical challenges in this process, particularly for its commercialization and large-scale production, is ensuring consistency with minimal batch-to-batch variations. To address this, we explored methods with which to preserve the physicochemical properties of the hydrogels, with a focus on freezing techniques. We validated the pre-frozen hydrogels’ printability, rheology, and mechanical and surface properties. Our results revealed that extended freezing times significantly reduced the viscosity of the formulations due to ice crystal formation, leading to a redistribution of the polymer chains. This reduction in viscosity resulted in a more challenging extrusion and increased macro- and microporosity of the hydrogels, as confirmed by nanoCT imaging. The increased porosity led to greater water uptake, swelling, compromised scaffold integrity, and altered degradation kinetics. The insights gained from this study lay a solid foundation for advancing the development of an in vitro skin model with promising applications in preclinical and clinical research. |
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| Keywords: | in vitro skin model, 3D printing, hydrogels, preclinical and clinical medicine |
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| Publication status: | Published |
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| Publication version: | Version of Record |
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| Submitted for review: | 14.08.2024 |
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| Article acceptance date: | 03.09.2024 |
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| Publication date: | 05.09.2024 |
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| Publisher: | MDPI AG |
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| Year of publishing: | 2024 |
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| Number of pages: | str. 1-19 |
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| Numbering: | let. 12, št. 9, št. članka 2028 |
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| PID: | 20.500.12556/DKUM-93938  |
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| UDC: | 616.5 |
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| ISSN on article: | 2227-9059 |
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| COBISS.SI-ID: | 206685955 |
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| DOI: | 10.3390/biomedicines12092028 |
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| Copyright: | © 2024 by the authors |
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| Publication date in DKUM: | 28.07.2025 |
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| Views: | 177 |
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| Downloads: | 12 |
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| Metadata: |    |
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| Categories: | Misc.
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