Cyberattacks as grounds for the declaration of a state of emergency

Dacar, Rok

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Title:	Cyberattacks as grounds for the declaration of a state of emergency
Authors:	ID Dacar, Rok (Author)
Files:	https://ojs.srce.hr/zpfsr/article/view/36435 Dacar.pdf (354,27 KB) MD5: D815CD57A4CEE8A096AD114A798B555B
Language:	Croatian
Work type:	Unknown
Typology:	1.01 - Original Scientific Article
Organization:	PF - Faculty of Law
Abstract:	Ovaj rad razmatra mogućnost da veliki kibernetički napadi predstavljaju legitiman razlog za proglašenje izvanrednog stanja. Središnja teza je da, iako kibernetički napadi ne pripadaju tradicionalnim kategorijama izvanrednih situacija, njihova sve veća sposobnost ozbiljnog ugrožavanja ključnih državnih funkcija zahtijeva preispitivanje pravnih kriterija za korištenje izvanrednih ovlasti. U radu se ističe da se izvanredno stanje može opravdano proglasiti ako kibernetički napad izazove sustavno narušavanje kritične infrastrukture, javnog reda ili nacionalne sigurnosti te dosegne razinu ozbiljnosti usporedivu s onom konvencionalnih izvanrednih situacija. Primjeri iz stvarnog života, poput kibernetičkih napada na Estoniju 2007. godine i ransomware krize u Kostariki 2022. godine, prikazuju različite odgovore država i evoluciju pravnog poimanja kibernetičkih prijetnji. Istodobno, u radu se upozorava na opasnost od normalizacije izvanrednih režima kao odgovora na stalne ili nejasne prijetnje u kibernetičkom prostoru. Postoji rizik da dugotrajno ili neopravdano korištenje izvanrednih mjera potkopa demokratsko upravljanje. Iako u određenim i iznimnim okolnostima kibernetički napadi mogu opravdati proglašenje izvanrednog stanja, takve odluke moraju ostati iznimka i biti temeljene na načelima nužnosti, proporcionalnosti i demokratskog nadzora
Publication version:	Version of Record
Publication date:	01.01.2025
Year of publishing:	2025
Number of pages:	str. 607-629
Numbering:	Vol. 46, br. 3
PID:	20.500.12556/DKUM-96532
UDC:	343.2:004.7(410)
ISSN on article:	1330-349X
COBISS.SI-ID:	264989699
DOI:	10.30925/zpfsr.46.3.5
Publication date in DKUM:	02.02.2026
Views:	94
Downloads:	2
Metadata:
Categories:	Misc.
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Record is a part of a journal

Title:	Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci
Shortened title:	Zb. Prav. fak. Sveuč. Rij.
Publisher:	Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta
ISSN:	1330-349X
COBISS.SI-ID:	34970368

Licences

License:	CC BY-NC 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Link:	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Description:	A creative commons license that bans commercial use, but the users don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

Secondary language

Language:	English
Title:	Kibernetički napadi kao temelj za proglašavanje izvanrednog stanja
Abstract:	This article examines whether large-scale cyberattacks can be a legitimate reason for declaring a state of emergency. The central thesis is that while cyberattacks do not fit into the traditional categories of emergencies, their increasing capacity to seriously disrupt essential state functions calls for a reassessment of the legal thresholds for the use of emergency powers. The article argues that a cyberattack can justify the declaration of a state of emergency if it causes a systemic disruption to critical infrastructure, public order or national security and reaches a level of severity comparable to conventional emergencies. Real-world examples such as the cyberattacks on Estonia in 2007 and the ransomware crisis in Costa Rica in 2022 show different state responses and the evolving legal perception of cyber threats. At the same time, the article warns against the normalization of emergency regimes in response to persistent or unclear threats in cyberspace. The risk is that democratic governance is undermined by the prolonged or unjustified use of exceptional measures. While cyberattacks can in certain and extreme circumstances justify a state of emergency, such decisions must remain the exception and subject to the principles of necessity, proportionality and democratic control.
Keywords:	cyberattacks, state of emergency, emergency powers, national security law, constitutional crisis management, kibernetski napadi, izredno stanje, izredna pooblastila, pravo nacionalne varnosti, ustavna kriza, upravljanje ustavnih kriz

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