Uporaba ultrazvoka za modifikacijo morfološke strukture poliHIPE polimerov

Mraz, Jan

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Title:	Uporaba ultrazvoka za modifikacijo morfološke strukture poliHIPE polimerov
Authors:	ID Mraz, Jan (Author) ID Krajnc, Peter (Mentor) More about this mentor... ID Kristl, Matjaž (Comentor)
Files:	UN_Mraz_Jan_2026.pdf (4,55 MB) MD5: 7FE80A475FB05F258395EA34F5571D0F
Language:	Slovenian
Work type:	Bachelor thesis/paper
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	FKKT - Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Abstract:	V zadnjem desetletju je v industriji vedno več povpraševanja po poroznih polimerih. Ena izmed največjih skupin le-teh so poliHIPE materiali, uporabljeni v širokem naboru aplikacij. Kljub velikemu številu dobrih lastnosti njihova glavna slabost ostaja slaba mehanska trdnost, večina postopkov izboljšanja pa v zameno za večjo trdnost bistveno zniža njihovo poroznost. V okviru diplomske naloge smo v te namene uporabili ultrazvok, da bi preučili njegove vplive na morfološko strukturo nastalih polimerov. Sintetizirali smo poliHIPE materiale sistema stiren/divinilbenzen s polimerizacijo emulzije voda v olju (v/o) z visoko vsebnostjo notranje faze (HIPE). Za pripravo materialov z različnimi stopnjami zamreženja (20, 25 in 30 %) smo kot oljno fazo uporabili različna množinska razmerja stiren:divinilbenzen (80:20, 75:25 in 70:30). Prav tako smo za vse stopnje zamreženosti pripravili vzorce z različnimi vsebnostmi notranje vodne faze (75, 80 in 90 %). Kot iniciator smo izbrali α,α'-azoisobutironitril (AIBN), kot surfaktant pa sorbitan monooleat (SPAN 80). Pred polimerizacijo smo emulzije izpostavili ultrazvočnim pulzom različnih nastavitev. Nastale polimere smo očistili s kontinuiranim spiranjem v Soxhletovem aparatu z vodo in acetonom in jih analizirali z več metodami. Z vrstičnim elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM) smo vzorcem določili morfologijo, z BET metodo specifično površino, z napravama AccuPyc in GeoPyc povprečno gostoto in poroznost, s FTIR spektrometrom pa kemijsko sestavo. Lastnosti polimerov, ki so bili pred polimerizacijo izpostavljeni ultrazvočnim pulzom, smo primerjali z lastnostmi polimerov enake sestave, ki ultrazvoku niso bili izpostavljeni. Na podoben način smo sintetizirali poliHIPE materiale iz sistema tiol/alken. Kot oljno fazo smo uporabili pentaeritritol tetrakis(3-merkaptopropionat) (TT) in 1,6-heksandiol diakrilat (HDDA) v razmerju 1:1 (razmerje funkcionalnih skupin). Kot iniciator smo izbrali bis(2,4,6-trimetilbenzoil)fenilfosfin oksid (I819), kot surfaktant pa poli(etilen glikol)-blok-poli(propilen glikol)-blok-poli(etilen glikol) (PEL-121). Ker je iniciator svetlobno aktiviran, smo med pripravo emulzije preprečili dostop svetlobe z aluminijasto folijo. Pred polimerizacijo smo emulzije izpostavili ultrazvočnim pulzom različnih nastavitev. Nastale polimere smo analizirali z vrstičnim elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM) ter jim določili morfologijo.
Keywords:	polimeri, poliHIPE, HIPE, poroznost, ultrazvok, polimerizacija
Place of publishing:	Maribor
Year of publishing:	2026
PID:	20.500.12556/DKUM-98849
Publication date in DKUM:	16.09.2026
Views:	163
Downloads:	1
Metadata:
Categories:	KTFMB - FKKT
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Licences

License:	CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Link:	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Description:	This is the standard Creative Commons license that gives others maximum freedom to do what they want with the work as long as they credit the author.
Licensing start date:	13.07.2026

Secondary language

Language:	English
Title:	Use of ultrasound for modification of morphological structure of polyHIPEs
Abstract:	The last decade has seen an increase in demand for porous polymers in industry. One of the largest groups of these are polyHIPE materials, used in a wide range of applications. Despite their many appealing properties, their main drawback remains poor mechanical strength, and most standard improvement procedures fail to improve it without significantly reducing their porosity. For these purposes, this work aimed to use ultrasound to study its effects on the morphological structure of the resulting polymers. We synthesized polyHIPE materials of the styrene/divinylbenzene system by polymerization of a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion with high internal phase content (HIPE). To prepare materials with different degrees of crosslinking (20, 25 and 30 %), we used different mass ratios of styrene:divinylbenzene as the oil phase (80:20, 75:25 and 70:30). We also prepared samples with different contents of the internal aqueous phase (75, 80 and 90 %) for all crosslinking levels. α,α'-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was chosen as the initiator and sorbitan monooleate (SPAN 80) as the surfactant. Before polymerization, the emulsions were exposed to ultrasonic pulses at various settings. The resulting polymers were purified by rinsing in a Soxhlet apparatus with water and acetone and analyzed by several methods. The morphology of the samples was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the specific surface area by the BET method, the porosity and average density with the AccuPyc and GeoPyc devices, and the chemical composition using a FTIR spectrometer. The properties of polymers that were exposed to ultrasonic pulses before polymerization were compared with the properties of polymers of the same composition that were not exposed. We also synthesized polyHIPE materials of the thiol/ene system in a similar way. Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (TT) and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) were used as the oil phase in a functional group ratio of 1:1. Bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide (I819) was chosen as the initiator, and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEL-121) as the surfactant. Since the initiator is a photo-radical initiator and is light-activated, the emulsion was protected from light with aluminum foil during preparation. Before polymerization, the emulsions were exposed to ultrasonic pulses at various settings. The resulting polymers were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and their morphology was determined.
Keywords:	polymers, polyHIPE, HIPE, porosity, ultrasound, polymerization

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