Recikliranje cigaretnih filtrov s hidrotermičnimi postopki

Bistrović, Tajana

| | SLO | ENG | Cookies and privacy

Bigger font | Smaller font

First page > Show document

Show document

Title:	Recikliranje cigaretnih filtrov s hidrotermičnimi postopki
Authors:	ID Bistrović, Tajana (Author) ID Škerget, Mojca (Mentor) More about this mentor... ID Čolnik, Maja (Comentor)
Files:	VS_Bistrovic_Tajana_2026.pdf (2,06 MB) MD5: 6DCCAD84CF61333F3BA8AC55329A200A
Language:	Slovenian
Work type:	Bachelor thesis/paper
Typology:	2.11 - Undergraduate Thesis
Organization:	FKKT - Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Abstract:	Uporaba tobačnih izdelkov po svetu nenehno narašča, posledično pa odvrženi cigaretni ogorki zaradi svoje biološke nerazgradljivosti in toksičnosti predstavljajo vse večji okoljski problem. Ker so filtri izdelani večinoma iz celuloznega acetata, predstavljajo resen vir onesnaževanja z mikroplastiko. Namen diplomskega dela je bil raziskati možnost trajnostne reciklaže odpadnih cigaretnih filtrov z uporabo hidrotermičnih postopkov v pod- in nadkritični vodi ter s tem pretvoriti problematičen odpadek v sekundarne surovine z višjo dodano vrednostjo. V okviru eksperimentalnega dela smo izvajali hidrotermično razgradnjo odpadnih tobačnih vložkov (cigaretnih filtrov) za segrevanje tobaka pri temperaturah 350 °C, 400 °C in 450 °C ter reakcijskih časih 15 min, 30 min in 60 min. Pri tem smo preučili vpliv reakcijskih pogojev na izkoristke produktov in sestavo štirih nastalih faz: oljne, vodne, trdne in plinske. Za karakterizacijo produktov in začetnega materiala smo uporabili napredne analitske metode, kot so GC-MS, FTIR, HPLC, TGA/DSC, HHV ter meritve skupnega ogljika (TC). Rezultati kažejo, da sta temperatura in reakcijski čas pomembno vplivala na potek reakcij in porazdelitev končnih produktov, pri čemer je pri vseh pogojih prevladovala oljna faza. Največji izkoristek oljne faze je bil dosežen pri 350 °C in času 60 min (67,8 %), kar pripisujemo učinkovitejši razgradnji komponent cigaretnih filtrov v manjše organske spojine, ki prispevajo k tvorbi olja. S temperaturo in časom je izkoristek oljne faze upadal (38,4 %), sočasno pa je naraščal izkoristek plinske faze s 3,4 % pri 350 °C in 15 min na 39,3 % pri 450 °C in 60 min. Hidrotermična obdelava je bistveno povečala kurilno vrednost nastalih produktov v primerjavi s surovim cigaretnim filtrom, katerega HHV vrednost je znašala 16,70 MJ/kg. Najvišja HHV vrednost olja je bila ugotovljena pri 400 °C in 30 min (24,73 MJ/kg). Z GC-MS analizo smo ugotovili, da v oljnih fazah prevladujejo ketoni in aromatske spojine. Delež aromatskih spojin z višanjem temperature in daljšanjem reakcijskega časa narašča, posledično pa doseže svoj maksimum pri 450 °C in 60 min (56,31 %). Maksimum ketonov smo zabeležili pri 350 °C in 30 min, kjer je delež znašal 38,29 %. Glavni produkt razgradnje celuloznega acetata predstavlja ocetna kislina, ki je glavni predstavnik med kislinami in estri. Z GC-MS analizo plinskih faz pa smo ugotovili, da pri najnižji temperaturi in času (350 °C, 15 min) prevladuje CO2 z deležem 51,86 %, ki pa z višanjem procesnih parametrov upada do 15,4 % pri 450 °C in 60 min. Z upadom CO2 pa naraste delež lahkih ogljikovodikov. Delež metana je narastel iz 4,55 % na 18,89 %, opazno pa so narastli tudi deleži ogljikovodikov C2 (do 16,13 %), C3 (do 18,92 %) in C4 (do 15,03 %). Ugotovili smo, da spreminjanje obratovalnih pogojev bistveno vpliva na potek reakcij in končne produkte. Rezultati so pokazali, da odpadni cigaretni filtri niso le breme za okolje, temveč jih je mogoče z ustrezno načrtovanimi hidrotermičnimi procesi učinkovito pretvoriti v energetsko vrednejše produkte.
Keywords:	cigaretni filtri, tobačni odpadki, celulozni acetat, recikliranje, hidrotermična pretvorba, pod- in nadkritična voda
Place of publishing:	Maribor
Year of publishing:	2026
PID:	20.500.12556/DKUM-99711
Publication date in DKUM:	14.09.2026
Views:	274
Downloads:	2
Metadata:
Categories:	KTFMB - FKKT
:	Copy citation

Average score:	(0 votes)
Your score:	Voting is allowed only for logged in users.
Share:

Hover the mouse pointer over a document title to show the abstract or click on the title to get all document metadata.

Licences

License:	CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International

Link:	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Description:	The most restrictive Creative Commons license. This only allows people to download and share the work for no commercial gain and for no other purposes.
Licensing start date:	24.08.2026

Secondary language

Language:	English
Title:	Recycling of cigarette filters using hydrothermal processes
Abstract:	The global use of tobacco products is constantly increasing, and consequently, discarded cigarette butts pose a growing environmental problem due to their biodegradability resistance and toxicity. Since the filters are mostly made of cellulose acetate, they represent a serious source of microplastic pollution. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to investigate the potential for sustainable recycling of waste cigarette filters using hydrothermal processes in sub- and supercritical water, thereby converting a problematic waste material into secondary raw materials with higher added value. As part of the experimental work, hydrothermal decomposition of waste heated-tobacco cigarette filters was carried out at temperatures of 350 °C, 400 °C, and 450 °C, and reaction times of 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min. The influence of process parameters on the yield and composition of the four resulting phases - oil, aqueous, solid, and gaseous - was investigated. Advanced analytical methods such as GC-MS, FTIR, HPLC, TGA/DSC, HHV, and total carbon (TC) measurements were used to characterize the products and the initial material. The results show that temperature and reaction time significantly affected the reaction pathways and the distribution of final products, with the oil phase predominant under all conditions. The maximum oil yield was achieved at 350 °C and 60 min (67.8 %), which is attributed to more efficient degradation of cigarette filter components into smaller organic compounds that contribute to oil formation. With increasing temperature and time, the yield of the oil phase decreased (to 38.4 %), while the yield of the gaseous phase simultaneously increased from 3.4 % at 350 °C and 15 min to 39.3 % at 450 °C and 60 min. Hydrothermal treatment significantly increased the HHV of the degradation products compared with the raw cigarette filter (16.70 MJ/kg). The highest HHV was obtained at 400 °C and 30 min (24.73 MJ/kg). GC-MS analysis showed that ketones and aromatic compounds predominated in the oil phases. The proportion of aromatic compounds increased with higher temperatures and longer reaction times, consequently reaching its maximum at 450 °C and 60 minutes (56.31 %). The maximum content of ketones was recorded at 350 °C and 30 minutes, amounting to 38.29 %. The main product of cellulose acetate decomposition is acetic acid, which is the main representative among acids and esters. The GC-MS analysis of the gaseous phases showed that CO2 predominated at the lowest temperature and shortest time (350 °C, 15 minutes) with a proportion of 51.86 %, which decreased with increasing temperature and time to 15.4 % at 450 °C and 60 minutes. As CO2 declined the proportion of light hydrocarbons increased. The concentration of methane rose from 4.55 % to 18.89 %, while the concentrations of C2 (up to 16.13 %), C3 (up to 18.92 %), and C4 hydrocarbons (up to 15.03 %) also increased markedly. Changing the operating conditions was found to significantly affect the course of the reactions and the final products. The results showed that waste cigarette filters are not only an environmental burden but can also be efficiently converted into higher-value energy products through properly designed hydrothermal processes.
Keywords:	cigarette filters, tobacco waste, cellulose acetate, recycling, hydrothermal conversion, sub- and supercritical water

Comments

Leave comment

You must log in to leave a comment.

Comments (0)

0 - 0 / 0

There are no comments!

Back