| Title: | Multiparametric ▫$Cost–CO_2$▫ optimization of bored reinforced-concrete piles under combined loading in cohesive soils |
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| Authors: | ID Jelušič, Primož (Author) |
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| Files: |  buildings-15-04519-v2.pdf (6,87 MB)
MD5: BEEE1D7203F3D720A045B50600973EF4
 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/24/4519
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| Language: | English |
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| Work type: | Article |
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| Typology: | 1.01 - Original Scientific Article |
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| Organization: | FGPA - Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering and Architecture
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| Abstract: | Laterally loaded slender piles present a classic soil–structure interaction problem where pile displacements and flexural demands are governed by the mobilized lateral resistance of the surrounding soil and the axial-bending capacity of the reinforced concrete section. In response to increasing pressure to reduce embodied emissions, this study develops LAVERCO, an optimization framework for cost- and CO2-efficient design of bored reinforced-concrete piles in cohesive soils subjected to combined lateral and axial actions. The framework integrates Eurocode-based geotechnical checks with full N–M section verification of the RC pile and applies a genetic algorithm over a multi-parametric grid of lateral load, vertical load, and undrained shear strength, using economic cost and embodied CO2 as alternative single objectives. Rank-based (Spearman) sensitivity analysis quantifies how actions, soil strength, and design variables influence the optimal solutions. The results reveal two consistent geometry regimes: CO2-optimal piles are systematically longer and slimmer, while COST-optimal piles are shorter and thicker. In both cases, the objective is dominated by pile length and is reduced by higher undrained shear strength; vertical load has a moderate direct effect, while horizontal load contributes mainly through deflection and bending checks. Feasibility improves significantly in stronger clays, and CO2-optimal geometries generally incur higher costs, clarifying the trade-off between economic and environmental performance. The framework provides explicit geometry-level guidance for selecting bored pile designs that balance cost and embodied CO2 across a wide range of soil and loading conditions and can be directly applied in both preliminary and detailed designs. |
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| Keywords: | laterally loaded pile, reinforced-concrete piles, structural analysis, reinforced-concrete design, optimization, CO2 emissions, genetic algorithm, multiparametric analysis, civil engineering practice |
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| Publication status: | Published |
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| Publication version: | Version of Record |
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| Submitted for review: | 18.11.2025 |
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| Article acceptance date: | 12.12.2025 |
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| Publication date: | 14.12.2025 |
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| Publisher: | MDPI |
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| Year of publishing: | 2025 |
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| Number of pages: | 19 str. |
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| Numbering: | Vol. 15, iss. 24, [article no.] 4519 |
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| PID: | 20.500.12556/DKUM-96552  |
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| UDC: | 624.131:519.8 |
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| ISSN on article: | 2075-5309 |
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| COBISS.SI-ID: | 263996419 |
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| DOI: | 10.3390/buildings15244519 |
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| Publication date in DKUM: | 19.01.2026 |
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| Views: | 136 |
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| Downloads: | 10 |
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| Metadata: |    |
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| Categories: | Misc.
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