| Title: | Visual attention and perceived workload of e-scooter riders across selected urban route conditions |
|---|
| Authors: | ID Rizehbandi, Shirin (Author)
ID Fiolić, Mario (Author)
ID Babić, Darko (Author)
ID Cvahte Ojsteršek, Tina (Author)
ID Babić, Dario (Author) |
|---|
| Files: |  RAZ_Rizehbandi_Shirin_2026.pdf (2,39 MB)
MD5: D162B17E0B78C9DD15337C0AF37F8633
 https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178851
|
|---|
| Language: | English |
|---|
| Work type: | Article |
|---|
| Typology: | 1.01 - Original Scientific Article |
|---|
| Organization: | FL - Faculty of Logistic
|
|---|
| Abstract: | Understanding how selected urban route conditions are associated with e-scooter riders’ visual attention and perceived workload can support human-factor evaluation of micromobility environments. This study examines visual attention and perceived workload during real-world e-scooter riding across three selected urban routes in Zagreb with different infrastructure and traffic-environment characteristics. A field-based experimental methodology was used, integrating eye-tracking with post-ride perceived workload assessment through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) questionnaire. Twenty-eight adults, predominantly novice or occasional e-scooter riders, completed the three selected routes. Visual attention and perceived workload were examined across the selected routes; because only one route represented each route condition, the findings are interpreted as route-level evidence rather than general infrastructure-type effects. One-way repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) showed that route condition had a significant effect on mean fixation duration and on the weighted NASA-TLX workload score, indicating that riders’ visual attention and perceived workload varied across the examined routes. To further examine these route-related differences, linear mixed-effects models were used as supporting analyses with participant ID as a random intercept. The results showed that R2 was associated with lower weighted workload than R1, while R3 was associated with higher weighted workload than R1. The route-complexity index was retained as an exploratory route-level descriptor rather than a validated continuous predictor. These findings highlight the importance of considering combined route, infrastructure, and traffic-environment characteristics when planning safer micromobility environments and developing appropriate regulations for e-scooter use. They also provide preliminary route-level human-factor evidence that can support future micromobility route evaluation and the development of human-centred guidance for infrastructure planning and e-scooter regulation. |
|---|
| Keywords: | e-scooter riding, eye-tracking, visual attention, perceived workload, sustainable micromobility |
|---|
| Publication status: | Published |
|---|
| Publication version: | Version of Record |
|---|
| Submitted for review: | 14.07.2026 |
|---|
| Article acceptance date: | 26.08.2026 |
|---|
| Publication date: | 01.09.2026 |
|---|
| Year of publishing: | 2026 |
|---|
| Number of pages: | str. 1-22 |
|---|
| Numbering: | Letn. 18, št. 17, št. članka 8851 |
|---|
| PID: | 20.500.12556/DKUM-100064  |
|---|
| UDC: | 656.1 |
|---|
| ISSN on article: | 2071-1050 |
|---|
| COBISS.SI-ID: | 289955843 |
|---|
| DOI: | 10.3390/su18178851 |
|---|
| Publication date in DKUM: | 03.09.2026 |
|---|
| Views: | 348 |
|---|
| Downloads: | 1 |
|---|
| Metadata: |    |
|---|
| Categories: | Misc.
|
|---|
|
:
|
Copy citation |
|---|
| | | | Average score: | (0 votes) |
|---|
| Your score: | Voting is allowed only for logged in users. |
|---|
| Share: |  |
|---|
Hover the mouse pointer over a document title to show the abstract or click
on the title to get all document metadata. |
